Reported here are the findings of a survey of juvenile detention centers with special attention on the gang problem. A saturation sampling technique of all 576 juvenile detention facilities was used for this survey. The facility directors were asked to participate in a mail survey in February 1992. Some N = 228 facilities responded to the survey providing the sample used here, representing a 39.5 percent response rate. Stated alternatively, the data reported here represents 39.5 percent of all juvenile detention facilities (other than holdovers and group homes) as listed in the first edition of the National Juvenile Detention Directory (ACA, 1992). Major findings include:

*** Most (87.9%) are not accredited by A.C.A.

*** An overall mean of 44.6 percent of these detained youths are repeaters (e.g., previously held there).

*** An overall mean of 14.6 percent of these detained males are felt to be gang members; 4.17 percent for female youths.

*** Two-thirds of the facilities do not provide tuition reimbursement for their staff seeking college education.

*** Racial conflicts are a problem in half of the facilities.

*** Administrators felt that rehabilitation was the most effective goal for juvenile corrections when compared to others.

*** There was little variation in average daily costs for the confinement of one youth by the security level of the facility. Generally, it costs about $100 a day to detain such a youth.

INTRODUCTION

Our knowledge of the gang problem inside correctional institutions has only recently provided a limited knowledge of the scope and extent of this national issue (Knox, 1991; Knox, Laske, and Tromanhauser, 1992)⁽¹⁾. Clearly, not enough systematic empirical analysis has been done in this area, particularly in the area of juvenile corrections.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this project was to obtain juvenile detention facility views on gangs and other related contemporary problems. While some previous research has been reported for long term juvenile correctional institutions, no such comparable information exists on short term juvenile corrections such as those represented by juvenile detention facilities. In recent years, however, the gang problem has been shown to dramatically impact on all aspects of the criminal justice system. Juvenile detention facilities typically are pre-adjudication and confine youths until a court disposition is made. They are therefore the first major step in the system of correctional confinement in the United States. There exists a need to know how gangs have impacted at this level of the correctional system. That perspective is the focus of this report.

METHODOLOGY

The universe for this study consisted of 576 juvenile detention facilities listed in the National Juvenile Detention Directory (1992, first edition). Ideally, the results of this study could be generalized to these same institutions in that all 576 facilities were asked to participate in the study. However, as this was a mail questionnaire project, not atypically only a portion actually responded. In fact, some N = 228 facilities returned completed questionnaires representing about two-fifths of the universe (39.5%).

This attempted census was directed at the facility administrator. The questionnaires were mailed out in late February 1992. The administrators were given the option to remain completely anonymous if they so desired. It was hoped this would increase the yield of responses. Unfortunately, this also means that it is not possible to compare non-responding facilities with those that did respond in order to assess what bias, if any, exists in the response pattern nationally.

DESCRIPTIVE FINDINGS

This section describes the major findings from this study. The findings are presented in the same order that the questions appeared in the questionnaire. Appendix A contains a detailed listing of the frequency and percentage distribution for all such variables. Appendix B contains the questionnaire and also serves as a codekey or record layout for the findings reported in Appendix A.

Total Juvenile Population Counts. Most of these facilities are smaller in size. When asked to report the total juvenile population count in their facility on the date of the survey, over half (51.2%) had 18 or fewer males; and over half (55.6%) had four or less females in their facility. The population count for males ranged from a low of zero to a high of 697. The population count for females ranged from a low of zero to a high of 65. The average (mean) number of males in the sample was 37.02; the average for females was 6.6.

Type of Facility. The vast majority of these facilities self-reported their status as that of being short term in nature. Still, some 7.5 percent indicated theirs was a long term facility. And 4.2 percent indicated "other", typically a mixed use facility containing both a detention and treatment unit.

Funding levels required to reduce juvenile recidivism. The administrators of these juvenile detention facilities were asked to estimate what percentage increase in their operating budget would be required to assure a significant decrease in recidivism. Obviously, some felt nothing could "assure" such a decrease. Thus, the estimated funding levels required to reduce juvenile recidivism ranged from a low of zero⁽²⁾ to a high of 100 percent. Still, some 55.7 percent indicated they would need a budget increase of twenty percent or more to accomplish such a reduction in recidivism. The mean or average was 24.05 percent.

Residential or Non-Residential Status. Regarding the type of their facility, four-fifths (80%) indicated theirs was a residential facility. Some 20 percent indicated their facility was non-residential.

Facility Location. Where the facility was located was also ascertained in this survey. Some 38.1 percent indicated their facility was located in a rural area. Just over half (53.1%) indicated their facility was in an urban area. And 8.8 percent indicated "other" (typically a suburban location).

The Overcrowding Problem. Half of these juvenile detention facility administrators reported that, generally, overcrowding is in fact a problem in their facility (50.7%). Some 49.3 percent therefore felt that overcrowding was not a problem for their facility.

Planned Re-Entry Services Available. Asked if their facility has a planned re-entry program designed to provide continuity after release in terms of after care services, just over two-thirds of these facilities (68.3%) indicated no such services were available. In fact, only 31.7 percent of the juvenile detention facilities reported that they had such a planned re-entry program.

A.C.A. Accreditation. Asked it their facility was currently accredited by the American Correctional Association (ACA), only 12.1 percent indicated they held such accreditation status. The majority (87.9%) indicated they were not currently accredited by the ACA. Just under half (45.1%) of all the facilities indicated their agency was accredited through another Association. What this typically meant was that they were monitored by a corrections department in their state, or a probation commission, etc.

Among those who indicated they were not ACA accredited, 56.2 percent of these facilities also indicated they were not accredited by any other association either.

Minimum and Maximum Ages of Confined Juveniles. The facility administrators were asked to report both the minimum age and the maximum age of the youths that could be held in their detention center. The minimum age in terms of numbers ranged from a low of 6 to a high of 15; a couple respondents indicated there existed no age minimum whatsoever. The maximum age ranged from 15 to 21. The mean or average for the minimum age was 10.27; the average for the maximum age was 17.34.

Educational Requirements for Non-Management Staff. For two-thirds of these facilities a high school degree would be sufficient or more than sufficient to meet the minimum educational requirement for employment in a non-management staff function. Some 5.7 percent indicated there were no such educational requirements. Some 22 percent indicated a G.E.D. was required. Some 38.3 percent indicated a high school degree was required. Some 7 percent indicated "less than an A.A. degree" was required. Some 12.8 percent indicated an "A.A. degree" was required. Some 14.1 percent indicated that a bachelor's degree was required. None of the facilities indicated that a Master's degree was required.

Belief in the "full moon" Theory of Acting Out. The facility administrators were asked if they believe there is any basis to the notion that juveniles "act out" more when there is a full moon. Some 39.7 percent indicated "no" and rejected this theory. Some 21.4 percent indicated "yes", they felt there was some basis to this idea. Some 26.8 percent indicated "maybe" there was some basis to this idea. And some 12.1 percent indicated they were not sure.

Availability of Service Programs in Juvenile Detention Centers. Using a check list of nine different program services, the facility administrators were asked to indicate yes or no regarding whether their facility had any of these types of service programs. Often, in answering yes, the respondent would write in the margin of the survey a remark typically to the effect "not a formal program per se...but accomplished informally". Table 1 presents these results.

As seen in Table 1, AIDS and HIV awareness along with drug rehabilitation/counseling are the two most widely available programs. Job readiness skills training is available in just under half of these facilities (48.4%). Programs to enhance self-esteem and to increase life-coping skills are also widely available (71%), as are sex education programs (73.9%).

Does It Exist?

No Yes

Type of Service Program: N % N % Sex Education 57 26.1 161 73.9

Drug Rehab./Counseling 54 24.4 167 75.6

Job Readiness Skills Trng. 111 51.6 104 48.4

Treatment for Depression 106 49.1 110 50.9

To enhance self-esteem 63 28.4 159 71.6

Increase life-coping skills 63 28.8 156 71.2

To decrease propensity to

commit self-destructive acts 89 41.0 128 59.0

Gang Deprogramming 193 90.2 21 9.8

AIDS/HIV awareness 45 20.3 177 79.7

The Repeat Offender Problem. The facility administrators were asked to provide their best estimate for what percentage of the juveniles confined in their facilities have served time with them before. This essentially measures "relapse" or "recidivism" in terms of the "revolving door" aspect of corrections where the correctional client is a repeat offender. The distribution for this variable shows a range between zero to 100 percent. Over half of the facilities (52.4%) indicated that 40 percent or more of their juveniles were such repeaters. The mean or average for this recidivism estimate was 44.6 percent.

Estimates of Gang Membership Among Confined Juveniles. This question to facility administrators asked "Among staff who know about gang members, what is the current estimate of what percentage gang members are of the total population of your facility?" and separate estimates were sought for both males and females. Among males the estimate of gang membership ranged from a low of zero to a high of 100 percent. Among females the estimate ranged from a low of zero to a high of 90 percent. The mean or average for males was 14.6 percent. The mean or average for females was 4.17 percent.

Another way of looking at this problem is in relationship to the actual population counts for males and females. Because both of these variables are on computer, it was possible to use simple arithmetic to multiply the "percentage" gang member by the respective gender population of confined juveniles. This yields 2062 male gang members and 62 female gang members represented in the facilities included in this study.

White Gangs. As illustrated elsewhere (Knox, 1991; Knox, Tromanhauser, and Laske, 1992) the correctional climate regarding gangs is very consistent: where minority gangs exist, separate white gangs are also commonly found. The reason for this has to do with the role that racial and ethnic conflict holds as a factor that fuels the gang problem. The data shows that 41 percent of the juvenile detention centers in the present study report that in fact whites do have a separate gang.

Most Common Juvenile Offense Pattern. The facility administrators were asked to indicate which of four choices was the most common offense for the youths admitted to their facility. The results show that 72.4 percent indicated theft/burglary offenses. Some 9.8 percent indicated drug offenses. Some 9.8 percent also indicated violent offenses. And some 7.9 percent indicated status offenses.

Staff Educational Improvement Incentives: Tuition Reimbursement. The data shows that only a third of the facilities included in this study (33.5%) reimburse staff for college education. Thus, two-thirds of these juvenile facilities do not provide their staff with this educational improvement incentive.

The Prevalence of STD's Among Confined Juveniles. The facility administrators were asked to estimate what percentage of the youths in their facility have ever been diagnosed as having a sexually transmitted disease (STD). The results ranged from a low of zero percent to a high of 75 percent. The mean or average was 11.8 percent.

Serious Injuries From Gang Fights Inside the Facilities. The facility administrators were asked to estimate the number, within the last one year period, of how many serious injuries occurred in their facility from attacks, fights, or assaults involving gang members. The data shows a range between a low of zero to a high of 30 such incidents. In fact, some 76.8 percent of the facilities indicated zero such serious injuries attributed to gang members. However, about ten percent (10.5%) of these facilities reported five or more such gang related injuries during the last one year period. The mean or average was 1.32 such injuries.

Gang Member Assaults on Staff. The data show that 10.3 percent of the juvenile detention centers report that gang members have, in fact, been a problem in terms of assaults on their staff. The estimate of the number of such assaults on staff by gang members ranged from a low of zero to a high of ten during the last one year period. However, only 5.3 percent of the administrators reported that the fear of violence represented by gangs has contributed to staff turnover in their facilities.

Gang Members Responsible for Damage to Property. The administrators were asked to rate the extent to which gang members have been responsible for damage to property in their facility along a scale of zero to ten, where zero represented "not responsible" and ten represented "chiefly responsible". Just over half of the facilities (52.4%) indicated the very lowest possible estimate in this range of estimates, suggesting that gangs or gang members were therefore not responsible to any extent for damage to property within these facilities. Yet some 13.7% indicated a rating of five or higher on this zero to ten point scale. The mean value was 1.57.

Formalized Gang Training for Staff. The data show that in 35 percent of the facilities the staff receive formalized training in dealing with the gang problem. The majority of these juvenile detention facilities (65%) report that their staff do not receive formal training in dealing with gangs.

Racial Conflicts Among Confined Juveniles. Racial conflicts are a problem among the confined juveniles in nearly half of the facilities studied here (49.6%).

Strategies Used to Control/Manage Gangs in Juvenile Detention Centers. The juvenile detention center administrators were asked about what strategies their facility uses to deal with gangs. A check list of known techniques was provided and the respondent was able to simply check off all those that apply. Presented in Table 2 are the results of the analysis that first controls for the density of the gang problem itself in these same facilities. That is to say, what strategies a facility uses to deal with gangs becomes important only to the extent of their gang problem. The extent of their gang problem was measured here by the percentage of the male youths who are gang members.

As seen Table 2 the techniques used to control or manage gangs and disruptive groups do in fact vary with the density of the actual problem (e.g., percentage of males who are gang members). Three different density levels are used for analysis here. This basically partials out of the analysis any facility that claims none of its confined juvenile males are gang members. This shows that the higher the density of the gang problem, the more likely these juvenile correctional facilities are to use certain control strategies (use of informers, segregation, isolating leaders, lockdown, prosecution, interrupting communications, coopting of inmates to control gangs, joint meetings between various gang leaders, balancing the number of rival gang members in the same living unit --- also known as the "set off" technique).

Table 2 also shows that with increases in the density of the problem certain techniques do not show a consistent upward rate of utilization. Ignoring their existence, for example, is shown to be a decreased option when 25 percent or more of the youths in the facility are gang members. Similarly, the lower the density of the problem the more likely these facilities are to report using the option of infiltration. Displacing gang members to different facilities (also known as "bus therapy" or "diesel treatment") is also shown to not be an option that varies directly with the density of the gang problem. Meeting with gang leaders on an "as needed" basis is also shown to not be an option that consistently increases with the density of the problem.

Density Level of the Gang Problem

(percentage of males: gang members)

Gang Control Methods: >= .02% >= 5% >= 25% Transfers 20.9 22.3 22.7

Use of informers 11.1 12.5 15.9

Segregation 37.3 42.0 52.3

Isolating leaders 41.8 47.3 54.5

Lockdown 32.0 39.3 59.1

Prosecution 23.5 25.9 27.3

Interrupting Communications 35.9 41.1 56.8

Case by case dealings 56.9 59.8 59.1

Ignoring their existence 5.2 5.4 4.5

Infiltration 2.6 1.8 0.0

Displacing members to

different facilities 11.1 9.8 11.4

Coopting of inmates to

control gangs 2.6 3.6 4.5

Meeting with gang leaders

on "as needed" basis 8.5 9.8 9.1

Joint meetings between

various gang leaders 3.3 3.6 6.8

Balance the number of

rival gang members

in the same living unit 22.9 29.5 43.2

Other 8.5 10.7 18.2

Beliefs About How the Juvenile Justice System is "Too Lenient" With Serious Juvenile Offenders. The facility administrators were asked if they feel the juvenile justice system is too lenient with serious juvenile offenders. The data show that 64.5 percent of the juvenile detention center administrators in fact believe this to be true.

Ratings on the Most Effective Goals for Juvenile Corrections. Six different goals reflecting different concepts and philosophies of juvenile corrections were listed, including: rehabilitation, deterrence, incapacitation, reintegration, reconciliation, and restitution. The respondents were asked to rate each of these on a scale of 1 through 6, where "1 = most effective" and where "6 = least effective" as goals for juvenile corrections. Table 3 shows that rehabilitation is truly the winner of this election on correctional goals over and above all other options.

(% rating "1") (% rating "6)

Type of Goal: Most Effective Least Effective Mean Rating⁽³⁾

Rehabilitation 43.5 2.5 2.12

Deterrence 31.6 8.2 2.75

Incapacitation 13.8 48.4 4.43

Reintegration 6.8 9.9 3.54

Reconciliation 1.1 17.4 4.24

Restitution 5.1 11.3 3.72

Racial Distributions Among Confined Juveniles. Facility directors were asked for four figures: the percentage of youths who were white, Black, Hispanic, and "other". The percentage of white youths ranged from a low of 0 percent to a high of 100 percent with a mean of 51.5 percent. The percentage of Black youths ranged from a low of zero percent to a high of 100 percent with a mean of 32.6 percent. The percentage of Hispanic youths ranged from a low of zero percent to a high of 100 percent with a mean of 11.5 percent. The percentage of "other" races of youths also ranged from a low of zero percent to a high of 100 percent (Native Alaskans, and Native Americans) with a mean of 4.22 percent.

Belief That "Boot Camps" Can Reduce Juvenile Recidivism. The facility administrators were asked whether they believe that the military-style boot camps can be effective in reducing the recidivism of juveniles. Some 71.6 percent expressed this belief that boot camps could reduce juvenile recidivism.

Religion: The Structure of Worship and Views on Religiosity. Several questions dealt with religion and religious worship opportunities for the youths confined in juvenile detention centers. Only 9.8 percent of these facilities have a full-time chaplain on staff. About a fourth (26.7%) have a part-time chaplain on staff. Some 13.4 percent make use of contracted chaplains and clergy. And most (84.2%) make use of religious volunteers. Attending religious services was mandatory in only 1.4 percent of the facilities, and was voluntary in 98.6 percent of these juvenile detention centers. When asked what percentage of the juveniles in their facility hold religious beliefs the estimates ranged from zero percent to 100 percent with a mean or average of 49.67 percent. When asked what percentage of the juveniles in their facility actually practice those religious beliefs the estimates also ranged from a low of zero to a high of 100 percent, but showed a much lower mean rating of 19.28 percent.

The Availability of Exercise Gymnasiums. The facility administrators were asked if they provide the youths confined in their facility with the opportunity to exercise in an equipped gymnasium at least once a week. Some 65 percent of the facilities indicated they had this capability.

Use of a "point system" for Behavioral Modification. The facility administrators were asked if they make use of a "point system" for behavioral modification, control, and management of the youths in their confinement. Some 62.2 percent indicated they in fact made use of such "point systems".

Average Daily Costs for One Confined Youth. Overall, the average daily cost for one youth ranged from a low of $11.50 for a non-residential day detention facility to a high of $307 dollars for a secure detention setting. The overall mean was $100.40 per day for all such facilities represented in the sample. It is more meaningful, however, to look at costs in relationship to the security levels of the facilities and whether they are residential or non-residential facilities. Table 4 provides this breakdown for average daily costs by security level and residential status.

Oddly, there is little variation in average daily costs. Regardless of the security level of the facility (maximum, medium, minimum, no security) or residential status, generally it appears to cost about $100 a day to confine youths in a juvenile detention center.

Average Daily Cost

Security Levels:

Maximum Security $ 95.76

Medium Security $ 94.64

Minimum Security $ 98.44

No Security $109.29

Residential Status:

Residential $ 97.60

Non-residential $ 93.42

Residential Maximum Security: $102.85

The Families The Confined Juveniles Come From. Several questions dealt with the family conditions that these confined juveniles come from. The administrators of the juvenile detention centers were asked to estimate what percentage of the youths in their facility come from lower-class family backgrounds. The data show a range from 2 percent to a high of 100 percent with a mean of 75.2 percent being from lower-class family backgrounds. The estimates for the percentage of these confined youths who came from single-parent homes ranged from a low of ten percent to a high of 95 percent with a mean of 65.7 percent. The estimates for what percentage of these confined youths come from two-parent homes that are nurturing, responsible, and truly concerned about the welfare of their children ranged from a low of zero percent to a high of 85 percent with a mean of 13.8 percent. The estimates for what percentage of the youths in their facility would not be there if they had better parents ranged from a low of 10 percent to a high of 100 percent with a mean of 60.02 percent.

Rehabilitation as Part of the Official Mission Statement. The facility administrators of these juvenile detention centers were asked whether rehabilitation of the youths in their facility was a part of their official mission statement. The data show that about half of the facilities (52.4%) report that rehabilitation is a part of their official mission statement. Still, nearly half (47.6%) also report that rehabilitation is not a part of their official mission statement. Recalling the fact that there appeared to be very little variation in the average daily costs for confining these youths by security levels, the present analysis also explored whether there was a difference in average daily costs in terms of facilities that did or did not report that rehabilitation was a part of their official mission statement. The results showed an average daily cost of $94.39 for juvenile detention centers that did not have rehabilitation as a part of their official mission statement. This differs little from those facilities that indicated rehabilitation was a part of their official mission statement where the average daily cost for one youth was $98.16. Some three dollars and seventy-seven cents per day is the increment in average daily costs for juvenile detention centers asserting that rehabilitation is a part of their official mission statement.

Educational Services. The facility administrators were asked whether they felt their facility had adequate educational facilities and staff to reduce illiteracy among the confined youths. Some 63.8 percent indicated that they did have such a capability. Still, over a third (36.2%) felt that their facility was lacking in such educational services. Here again an effort was made to ascertain differences in the average daily costs. Among those facilities who did not feel they had adequate educational facilities the average daily cost was $87.33 compared to $102.10 for those that did feel they had adequate educational facilities.

Social Worker Staff Who Hold MSW Degrees. The facility administrators were asked how many staff they have employed as social workers who hold the MSW degree. Most (68%) indicated zero such MSW social workers. Some 16.9 percent had one; some 9.1 percent had two; some 2.7 percent had three, some 1.4 percent each had four and five, and .5 percent had eight.

The Role of the School System in Preventing Crime. The facility administrators were asked their opinion regarding the role of the school system in preventing crime. Specifically, they were felt that if more was done in the school system (K-12) to prevent and control crime that fewer youths would end up in confinement. Most (84.5%) agreed with this positive role of the school system in preventing crime.

Staffing Patterns. The number of full-time male and female staff members working in these facilities was also examined. The data on female staff showed a range of values between zero to a high of 83. The range for male staff showed a range between a low of zero to a high of 169. The mean for female staff was 10.48 and 17.71 for male staff.

Average Length of Stay. The average length of stay for juveniles in these facilities showed a range in values between a low of zero days to a high of 365 days. The mean was 30.29 days.

Percentage of Youths Confined for Drug-Related Offenses. The detention administrators were asked to estimate what percentage of the youths in their facility were confined there for drug-related offenses. The data show a range of values between a low of zero percent to a high of 80 percent. The mean was 21.6 percent.

Ideal Minimum Age for Trying Youths as Adults. The administrators were asked what should be the minimum age for trying juveniles as adults. The data show a range of values between a low of 10 to a high of 19 and a mean of 15.3 years of age.

Security Levels. The level of security that tends to characterize their facilities showed only 5 percent were "no security". Some 47.7 percent were high security. Some 37.3 percent were medium security. And 10 percent were minimum security facilities.

Suicide Attempts. The detention administrators were asked how many suicide attempts had occurred among the juveniles in their facility during the last twelve month period. The data show a range between a low of zero to a high of 50 such attempted suicides. Some 38.1 percent reported zero such suicide attempts during the last twelve month period. The mean was 3.12 suicide attempts during this period.

Life-threatening Injuries. The detention administrators were asked how many youths had sustained life-threatening injuries during the last twelve month period while in their facility. The data show a range in values between a low of zero such injuries to a high of 11. Most of these facilities (93.2%) reported no such injuries. The mean was .14 injuries.

Views on the Death Penalty for Juveniles. Some 31.7 percent of the administrators indicated that in their view they do support the use of the death penalty for juveniles convicted of capital offenses. Over two-thirds (68.3%) opposed the death penalty for juveniles convicted of capital offenses.

Views on the Absolute Minimum Age for the Death Penalty. As seen in the actual distribution for this variable (ITEM55) some respondents who may have opposed the death penalty for juveniles, when asked what should be the absolute minimum age for persons receiving the death penalty gave ages of 21 and above. To make this data meaningful, therefore, reported here are only the views on this matter among those who from another question (ITEM54) were actually in favor of the death penalty for juveniles in capital cases. The results show a range of values between a low age of 12 and a high age of 18. In fact, 52.9 percent of those approving of the death penalty for juveniles in capital cases felt the absolute minimum age for the death penalty should be 15 years of age or less.

Age of Accountability. The facility administrators were asked at what age did they believe any child of normal intelligence should be held accountable for acts that constitute juvenile delinquency. The range of values showed a low of 5 years old to a high of 18 years old. The mean age of accountability was 10.9 years.

Estimates of % of Youths Who Will Become Career Criminals. The facility administrators were asked to estimate what percentage of the juveniles detained in their facility will become career criminals. The range of values showed a low of zero percent to a high of 90 percent. The mean or average value was 28.9 percent.

Percentage of Youths from Urban Areas. The facility administrators were asked what percentage of the youths in their facility come from homes in urban areas. The range of values showed a low of zero and a high of 100 percent. The mean value was 59.3 percent.

Physician Availability. The facility administrators were asked about the availability of a physician, and whether this was a full-time, part-time, or contractual position. Only 6.3 percent indicated their facility had a full-time physician on staff. Some 12.7 percent reported that they had a part-time physician on staff. The single largest category (65.6%) reported that the availability of a physician was contractual. Some 15.4 percent said "other".

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This report has provided descriptive statistical findings on about two-fifths of all juvenile detention centers. The reader is cautioned that outside of the population count and other vital statistics (average cost per day, etc) which the facility administrators routinely do know, many other factors required an estimate. Still, the viewpoints and opinions of the facility directors are important in deriving a more complete understanding of this vital aspect of juvenile corrections today.

Much further analysis is warranted on the issue. This project was not a funded project, however; it was a pro bono project designed to provide the exploratory stage for assessing this component of the correctional system with regard to gangs.

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM1MAL

5 5 2.3 2.3 0.000

8 13 3.8 6.1 2.000

3 16 1.4 7.5 3.000

7 23 3.3 10.8 4.000

7 30 3.3 14.1 5.000

7 37 3.3 17.4 6.000

7 44 3.3 20.7 7.000

9 53 4.2 24.9 8.000

2 55 .9 25.8 9.000

7 62 3.3 29.1 10.000

5 67 2.3 31.5 11.000

12 79 5.6 37.1 12.000

5 84 2.3 39.4 13.000

9 93 4.2 43.7 14.000

4 97 1.9 45.5 15.000

3 100 1.4 46.9 16.000

3 103 1.4 48.4 17.000

6 109 2.8 51.2 18.000

7 116 3.3 54.5 19.000

5 121 2.3 56.8 20.000

7 128 3.3 60.1 21.000

1 129 .5 60.6 22.000

4 133 1.9 62.4 24.000

2 135 .9 63.4 25.000

3 138 1.4 64.8 26.000

4 142 1.9 66.7 27.000

3 145 1.4 68.1 28.000

2 147 .9 69.0 29.000

1 148 .5 69.5 30.000

3 151 1.4 70.9 31.000

3 154 1.4 72.3 32.000

1 155 .5 72.8 34.000

3 158 1.4 74.2 35.000

1 159 .5 74.6 36.000

3 162 1.4 76.1 38.000

3 165 1.4 77.5 39.000

1 166 .5 77.9 40.000

2 168 .9 78.9 42.000

1 169 .5 79.3 44.000

2 171 .9 80.3 45.000

2 173 .9 81.2 46.000

1 174 .5 81.7 48.000

2 176 .9 82.6 50.000

2 178 .9 83.6 51.000

1 179 .5 84.0 55.000

1 180 .5 84.5 58.000

1 181 .5 85.0 59.000

2 183 .9 85.9 63.000

1 184 .5 86.4 65.000

2 186 .9 87.3 68.000

1 187 .5 87.8 70.000

1 188 .5 88.3 71.000

2 190 .9 89.2 74.000

1 191 .5 89.7 75.000

1 192 .5 90.1 77.000

2 194 .9 91.1 80.000

3 197 1.4 92.5 85.000

1 198 .5 93.0 95.000

1 199 .5 93.4 98.000

1 200 .5 93.9 110.000

1 201 .5 94.4 117.000

1 202 .5 94.8 118.000

1 203 .5 95.3 120.000

1 204 .5 95.8 122.000

1 205 .5 96.2 132.000

1 206 .5 96.7 153.000

1 207 .5 97.2 194.000

1 208 .5 97.7 206.000

1 209 .5 98.1 237.000

1 210 .5 98.6 263.000

1 211 .5 99.1 290.000

1 212 .5 99.5 483.000

1 213 .5 100.0 697.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM1FEM

21 21 10.7 10.7 0.000

32 53 16.3 27.0 1.000

23 76 11.7 38.8 2.000

13 89 6.6 45.4 3.000

20 109 10.2 55.6 4.000

15 124 7.7 63.3 5.000

10 134 5.1 68.4 6.000

6 140 3.1 71.4 7.000

6 146 3.1 74.5 8.000

11 157 5.6 80.1 9.000

6 163 3.1 83.2 10.000

3 166 1.5 84.7 11.000

4 170 2.0 86.7 12.000

5 175 2.6 89.3 13.000

3 178 1.5 90.8 14.000

3 181 1.5 92.3 15.000

1 182 .5 92.9 16.000

1 183 .5 93.4 17.000

1 184 .5 93.9 20.000

1 185 .5 94.4 21.000

2 187 1.0 95.4 23.000

1 188 .5 95.9 24.000

1 189 .5 96.4 25.000

2 191 1.0 97.4 29.000

1 192 .5 98.0 38.000

1 193 .5 98.5 44.000

1 194 .5 99.0 45.000

1 195 .5 99.5 62.000

1 196 .5 100.0 65.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM2

189 189 88.3 88.3 1.000

16 205 7.5 95.8 2.000

9 214 4.2 100.0 3.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM3

24 24 24.7 24.7 0.000

1 25 1.0 25.8 1.000

2 27 2.1 27.8 2.000

1 28 1.0 28.9 6.000

1 29 1.0 29.9 7.000

8 37 8.2 38.1 10.000

1 38 1.0 39.2 12.000

3 41 3.1 42.3 15.000

2 43 2.1 44.3 17.500

9 52 9.3 53.6 20.000

11 63 11.3 64.9 25.000

7 70 7.2 72.2 30.000

1 71 1.0 73.2 33.000

4 75 4.1 77.3 35.000

1 76 1.0 78.4 40.000

1 77 1.0 79.4 45.000

14 91 14.4 93.8 50.000

2 93 2.1 95.9 60.000

4 97 4.1 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM4

172 172 80.0 80.0 1.000

43 215 20.0 100.0 2.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM5

86 86 38.1 38.1 1.000

120 206 53.1 91.2 2.000

20 226 8.8 100.0 3.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM6

112 112 49.3 49.3 0.000

115 227 50.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM7

153 153 68.3 68.3 0.000

71 224 31.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM8A

189 189 87.9 87.9 0.000

26 215 12.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM8B

96 96 54.9 54.9 0.000

79 175 45.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM9MIN

3 3 1.4 1.4 6.000

7 10 3.3 4.8 7.000

27 37 12.9 17.7 8.000

13 50 6.2 23.9 9.000

79 129 37.8 61.7 10.000

18 147 8.6 70.3 11.000

50 197 23.9 94.3 12.000

9 206 4.3 98.6 13.000

2 208 1.0 99.5 14.000

1 209 .5 100.0 15.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM9MAX

3 3 1.3 1.3 15.000

33 36 14.7 16.0 16.000

95 131 42.2 58.2 17.000

1 132 .4 58.7 17.500

78 210 34.7 93.3 18.000

10 220 4.4 97.8 19.000

2 222 .9 98.7 20.000

3 225 1.3 100.0 21.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM10

13 13 5.7 5.7 1.000

50 63 22.0 27.8 2.000

87 150 38.3 66.1 3.000

16 166 7.0 73.1 4.000

29 195 12.8 85.9 5.000

32 227 14.1 100.0 6.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM11

89 89 39.7 39.7 0.000

48 137 21.4 61.2 1.000

60 197 26.8 87.9 2.000

27 224 12.1 100.0 9.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12A

57 57 26.1 26.1 0.000

161 218 73.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12B

54 54 24.4 24.4 0.000

167 221 75.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12C

111 111 51.6 51.6 0.000

104 215 48.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12D

106 106 49.1 49.1 0.000

110 216 50.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12E

63 63 28.4 28.4 0.000

159 222 71.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12F

63 63 28.8 28.8 0.000

156 219 71.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12G

89 89 41.0 41.0 0.000

128 217 59.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12H

193 193 90.2 90.2 0.000

21 214 9.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12I

45 45 20.3 20.3 0.000

177 222 79.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM13

3 3 1.3 1.3 0.000

4 7 1.8 3.1 1.000

3 10 1.3 4.4 2.000

3 13 1.3 5.8 5.000

1 14 .4 6.2 8.000

5 19 2.2 8.4 10.000

1 20 .4 8.9 11.000

8 28 3.6 12.4 15.000

1 29 .4 12.9 17.000

1 30 .4 13.3 17.500

10 40 4.4 17.8 20.000

1 41 .4 18.2 22.000

14 55 6.2 24.4 25.000

1 56 .4 24.9 27.000

1 57 .4 25.3 28.000

14 71 6.2 31.6 30.000

2 73 .9 32.4 33.000

11 84 4.9 37.3 35.000

1 85 .4 37.8 38.000

22 107 9.8 47.6 40.000

10 117 4.4 52.0 45.000

2 119 .9 52.9 48.000

30 149 13.3 66.2 50.000

1 150 .4 66.7 51.000

4 154 1.8 68.4 55.000

1 155 .4 68.9 56.000

14 169 6.2 75.1 60.000

1 170 .4 75.6 62.500

11 181 4.9 80.4 65.000

1 182 .4 80.9 68.000

12 194 5.3 86.2 70.000

17 211 7.6 93.8 75.000

5 216 2.2 96.0 80.000

4 220 1.8 97.8 85.000

1 221 .4 98.2 87.000

3 224 1.3 99.6 90.000

1 225 .4 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM14MA

44 44 22.3 22.3 0.000

1 45 .5 22.8 0.020

1 46 .5 23.4 0.050

16 62 8.1 31.5 1.000

2 64 1.0 32.5 1.500

11 75 5.6 38.1 2.000

6 81 3.0 41.1 3.000

1 82 .5 41.6 3.500

3 85 1.5 43.1 4.000

19 104 9.6 52.8 5.000

1 105 .5 53.3 6.000

1 106 .5 53.8 8.000

29 135 14.7 68.5 10.000

4 139 2.0 70.6 15.000

1 140 .5 71.1 17.500

13 153 6.6 77.7 20.000

7 160 3.6 81.2 25.000

5 165 2.5 83.8 30.000

3 168 1.5 85.3 33.000

2 170 1.0 86.3 35.000

5 175 2.5 88.8 40.000

1 176 .5 89.3 41.000

1 177 .5 89.8 46.000

1 178 .5 90.4 48.000

7 185 3.6 93.9 50.000

3 188 1.5 95.4 60.000

1 189 .5 95.9 65.000

1 190 .5 96.4 70.000

3 193 1.5 98.0 75.000

1 194 .5 98.5 80.000

2 196 1.0 99.5 90.000

1 197 .5 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM14FE

104 104 61.5 61.5 0.000

1 105 .6 62.1 0.010

2 107 1.2 63.3 0.500

15 122 8.9 72.2 1.000

6 128 3.6 75.7 2.000

2 130 1.2 76.9 3.000

1 131 .6 77.5 4.000

15 146 8.9 86.4 5.000

2 148 1.2 87.6 6.000

1 149 .6 88.2 7.000

5 154 3.0 91.1 10.000

1 155 .6 91.7 15.000

5 160 3.0 94.7 20.000

1 161 .6 95.3 25.000

1 162 .6 95.9 28.000

1 163 .6 96.4 35.000

2 165 1.2 97.6 40.000

3 168 1.8 99.4 50.000

1 169 .6 100.0 90.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM15

108 108 59.0 59.0 0.000

75 183 41.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM16

21 21 9.8 9.8 1.000

155 176 72.4 82.2 2.000

21 197 9.8 92.1 3.000

17 214 7.9 100.0 4.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM17

151 151 66.5 66.5 0.000

76 227 33.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM18

21 21 9.7 9.7 0.000

1 22 .5 10.2 0.100

22 44 10.2 20.4 1.000

17 61 7.9 28.2 2.000

9 70 4.2 32.4 3.000

3 73 1.4 33.8 4.000

30 103 13.9 47.7 5.000

2 105 .9 48.6 6.000

2 107 .9 49.5 7.000

1 108 .5 50.0 7.500

4 112 1.9 51.9 8.000

1 113 .5 52.3 9.600

38 151 17.6 69.9 10.000

1 152 .5 70.4 12.000

1 153 .5 70.8 12.500

10 163 4.6 75.5 15.000

13 176 6.0 81.5 20.000

15 191 6.9 88.4 25.000

9 200 4.2 92.6 30.000

1 201 .5 93.1 33.000

2 203 .9 94.0 35.000

1 204 .5 94.4 38.000

2 206 .9 95.4 40.000

1 207 .5 95.8 45.000

5 212 2.3 98.1 50.000

1 213 .5 98.6 60.000

1 214 .5 99.1 65.000

1 215 .5 99.5 70.000

1 216 .5 100.0 75.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM19

169 169 76.8 76.8 0.000

12 181 5.5 82.3 1.000

10 191 4.5 86.8 2.000

2 193 .9 87.7 3.000

4 197 1.8 89.5 4.000

6 203 2.7 92.3 5.000

2 205 .9 93.2 6.000

2 207 .9 94.1 7.000

3 210 1.4 95.5 8.000

5 215 2.3 97.7 10.000

1 216 .5 98.2 12.000

2 218 .9 99.1 20.000

1 219 .5 99.5 25.000

1 220 .5 100.0 30.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM20

201 201 89.7 89.7 0.000

23 224 10.3 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM21

171 171 79.2 79.2 0.000

13 184 6.0 85.2 1.000

13 197 6.0 91.2 2.000

7 204 3.2 94.4 3.000

2 206 .9 95.4 4.000

6 212 2.8 98.1 5.000

1 213 .5 98.6 6.000

3 216 1.4 100.0 10.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM22

178 178 94.7 94.7 0.000

10 188 5.3 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM23

199 199 90.9 90.9 0.000

20 219 9.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM24

111 111 52.4 52.4 0.000

32 143 15.1 67.5 1.000

11 154 5.2 72.6 2.000

22 176 10.4 83.0 3.000

7 183 3.3 86.3 4.000

13 196 6.1 92.5 5.000

5 201 2.4 94.8 6.000

4 205 1.9 96.7 7.000

3 208 1.4 98.1 8.000

1 209 .5 98.6 9.000

3 212 1.4 100.0 10.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM25

147 147 65.0 65.0 0.000

79 226 35.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM26

113 113 50.4 50.4 0.000

111 224 49.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT TRANSFER

179 179 82.5 82.5 0.000

38 217 17.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT INFORMER

195 195 90.7 90.7 0.000

20 215 9.3 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT SEGREGAT

153 153 70.2 70.2 0.000

65 218 29.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ISOLEAD

144 144 66.4 66.4 0.000

73 217 33.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT LOCKDOWN

159 159 73.3 73.3 0.000

58 217 26.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT PROSECUT

172 172 80.0 80.0 0.000

43 215 20.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT INTERCOM

160 160 73.7 73.7 0.000

57 217 26.3 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT CASEBYCA

118 118 53.9 53.9 0.000

101 219 46.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT IGNORING

203 203 94.9 94.9 0.000

11 214 5.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT INFILT

209 209 98.1 98.1 0.000

4 213 1.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT DISPLAC

194 194 90.7 90.7 0.000

20 214 9.3 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT COOPTING

208 208 98.1 98.1 0.000

4 212 1.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT MEETING

200 200 93.9 93.9 0.000

13 213 6.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT JOINTMEE

206 206 97.2 97.2 0.000

6 212 2.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT BALANCE

178 178 82.8 82.8 0.000

37 215 17.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT OTHER

199 199 93.9 93.9 0.000

13 212 6.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM28

77 77 35.5 35.5 0.000

140 217 64.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT REHABIL

87 87 43.5 43.5 1.000

52 139 26.0 69.5 2.000

29 168 14.5 84.0 3.000

18 186 9.0 93.0 4.000

9 195 4.5 97.5 5.000

5 200 2.5 100.0 6.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT DETERR

62 62 31.6 31.6 1.000

42 104 21.4 53.1 2.000

29 133 14.8 67.9 3.000

25 158 12.8 80.6 4.000

22 180 11.2 91.8 5.000

16 196 8.2 100.0 6.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT INCAPAC

26 26 13.8 13.8 1.000

19 45 10.1 23.9 2.000

12 57 6.4 30.3 3.000

13 70 6.9 37.2 4.000

27 97 14.4 51.6 5.000

91 188 48.4 100.0 6.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT REINTEG

13 13 6.8 6.8 1.000

40 53 20.9 27.7 2.000

43 96 22.5 50.3 3.000

39 135 20.4 70.7 4.000

37 172 19.4 90.1 5.000

19 191 9.9 100.0 6.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT RECONCIL

2 2 1.1 1.1 1.000

16 18 8.4 9.5 2.000

35 53 18.4 27.9 3.000

51 104 26.8 54.7 4.000

53 157 27.9 82.6 5.000

33 190 17.4 100.0 6.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT RESTITUT

10 10 5.1 5.1 1.000

28 38 14.4 19.5 2.000

50 88 25.6 45.1 3.000

46 134 23.6 68.7 4.000

39 173 20.0 88.7 5.000

22 195 11.3 100.0 6.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM30WH

2 2 .9 .9 0.000

1 3 .5 1.4 2.000

1 4 .5 1.9 3.000

1 5 .5 2.3 4.130

3 8 1.4 3.7 5.000

1 9 .5 4.2 7.000

1 10 .5 4.6 8.000

7 17 3.2 7.9 10.000

1 18 .5 8.3 11.000

1 19 .5 8.8 12.000

3 22 1.4 10.2 13.000

6 28 2.8 13.0 15.000

1 29 .5 13.4 15.100

2 31 .9 14.4 18.000

12 43 5.6 19.9 20.000

1 44 .5 20.4 21.500

1 45 .5 20.8 22.000

3 48 1.4 22.2 25.000

1 49 .5 22.7 27.000

1 50 .5 23.1 28.000

15 65 6.9 30.1 30.000

1 66 .5 30.6 32.000

4 70 1.9 32.4 33.000

5 75 2.3 34.7 35.000

13 88 6.0 40.7 40.000

1 89 .5 41.2 41.000

1 90 .5 41.7 42.000

2 92 .9 42.6 44.000

10 102 4.6 47.2 45.000

1 103 .5 47.7 47.000

3 106 1.4 49.1 48.000

1 107 .5 49.5 49.000

10 117 4.6 54.2 50.000

1 118 .5 54.6 51.000

1 119 .5 55.1 54.000

6 125 2.8 57.9 55.000

1 126 .5 58.3 56.000

13 139 6.0 64.4 60.000

1 140 .5 64.8 63.000

1 141 .5 65.3 64.000

4 145 1.9 67.1 65.000

1 146 .5 67.6 67.000

1 147 .5 68.1 69.000

6 153 2.8 70.8 70.000

2 155 .9 71.8 72.000

1 156 .5 72.2 73.000

1 157 .5 72.7 74.000

3 160 1.4 74.1 75.000

13 173 6.0 80.1 80.000

4 177 1.9 81.9 85.000

3 180 1.4 83.3 89.000

15 195 6.9 90.3 90.000

1 196 .5 90.7 92.000

3 199 1.4 92.1 94.000

9 208 4.2 96.3 95.000

2 210 .9 97.2 97.000

1 211 .5 97.7 98.000

1 212 .5 98.1 99.000

4 216 1.9 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM30BL

12 12 5.6 5.6 0.000

1 13 .5 6.1 0.200

11 24 5.2 11.3 1.000

7 31 3.3 14.6 2.000

1 32 .5 15.0 2.960

3 35 1.4 16.4 3.000

2 37 .9 17.4 4.000

15 52 7.0 24.4 5.000

1 53 .5 24.9 6.000

3 56 1.4 26.3 7.000

1 57 .5 26.8 7.800

3 60 1.4 28.2 8.000

2 62 .9 29.1 9.000

14 76 6.6 35.7 10.000

1 77 .5 36.2 11.000

2 79 .9 37.1 12.000

3 82 1.4 38.5 15.000

1 83 .5 39.0 16.000

1 84 .5 39.4 17.000

1 85 .5 39.9 18.000

1 86 .5 40.4 19.000

10 96 4.7 45.1 20.000

2 98 .9 46.0 23.000

3 101 1.4 47.4 25.000

1 102 .5 47.9 26.000

1 103 .5 48.4 27.000

1 104 .5 48.8 29.000

12 116 5.6 54.5 30.000

2 118 .9 55.4 33.000

3 121 1.4 56.8 35.000

2 123 .9 57.7 38.000

13 136 6.1 63.8 40.000

1 137 .5 64.3 42.000

1 138 .5 64.8 43.000

1 139 .5 65.3 44.000

7 146 3.3 68.5 45.000

2 148 .9 69.5 49.000

10 158 4.7 74.2 50.000

1 159 .5 74.6 53.000

4 163 1.9 76.5 55.000

1 164 .5 77.0 57.000

2 166 .9 77.9 59.000

7 173 3.3 81.2 60.000

1 174 .5 81.7 62.000

1 175 .5 82.2 64.000

5 180 2.3 84.5 65.000

2 182 .9 85.4 66.000

9 191 4.2 89.7 70.000

1 192 .5 90.1 71.400

3 195 1.4 91.5 75.000

1 196 .5 92.0 78.000

7 203 3.3 95.3 80.000

3 206 1.4 96.7 85.000

1 207 .5 97.2 86.000

1 208 .5 97.7 87.000

1 209 .5 98.1 88.000

1 210 .5 98.6 89.000

2 212 .9 99.5 90.000

1 213 .5 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM30HI

62 62 29.0 29.0 0.000

25 87 11.7 40.7 1.000

11 98 5.1 45.8 2.000

1 99 .5 46.3 2.850

8 107 3.7 50.0 3.000

1 108 .5 50.5 3.080

4 112 1.9 52.3 4.000

19 131 8.9 61.2 5.000

2 133 .9 62.1 7.000

1 134 .5 62.6 7.100

3 137 1.4 64.0 8.000

2 139 .9 65.0 9.000

13 152 6.1 71.0 10.000

1 153 .5 71.5 10.600

3 156 1.4 72.9 11.000

1 157 .5 73.4 14.000

5 162 2.3 75.7 15.000

2 164 .9 76.6 17.000

12 176 5.6 82.2 20.000

2 178 .9 83.2 22.000

1 179 .5 83.6 25.000

1 180 .5 84.1 27.000

2 182 .9 85.0 28.000

7 189 3.3 88.3 30.000

1 190 .5 88.8 33.000

2 192 .9 89.7 35.000

1 193 .5 90.2 38.000

1 194 .5 90.7 39.000

4 198 1.9 92.5 40.000

2 200 .9 93.5 45.000

4 204 1.9 95.3 50.000

4 208 1.9 97.2 55.000

1 209 .5 97.7 60.000

1 210 .5 98.1 70.000

2 212 .9 99.1 80.000

1 213 .5 99.5 93.000

1 214 .5 100.0 98.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM30OT

113 113 54.3 54.3 0.000

1 114 .5 54.8 0.500

32 146 15.4 70.2 1.000

8 154 3.8 74.0 2.000

5 159 2.4 76.4 3.000

16 175 7.7 84.1 5.000

1 176 .5 84.6 6.000

2 178 1.0 85.6 7.000

1 179 .5 86.1 8.000

1 180 .5 86.5 9.240

7 187 3.4 89.9 10.000

1 188 .5 90.4 14.300

2 190 1.0 91.3 15.000

1 191 .5 91.8 16.000

2 193 1.0 92.8 18.000

3 196 1.4 94.2 20.000

1 197 .5 94.7 21.000

1 198 .5 95.2 25.000

1 199 .5 95.7 28.000

3 202 1.4 97.1 30.000

2 204 1.0 98.1 35.000

1 205 .5 98.6 37.000

1 206 .5 99.0 40.000

1 207 .5 99.5 60.000

1 208 .5 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM31

62 62 28.4 28.4 0.000

156 218 71.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM32A

194 194 90.2 90.2 0.000

21 215 9.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM32B

143 143 73.3 73.3 0.000

52 195 26.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM32C

155 155 86.6 86.6 0.000

24 179 13.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM32D

32 32 15.8 15.8 0.000

171 203 84.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM33

3 3 1.4 1.4 1.000

215 218 98.6 100.0 2.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM34

78 78 35.0 35.0 0.000

145 223 65.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM35

85 85 37.8 37.8 0.000

140 225 62.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM36

1 1 .5 .5 11.500

1 2 .5 .9 25.000

1 3 .5 1.4 29.340

1 4 .5 1.9 30.000

2 6 .9 2.8 34.000

3 9 1.4 4.3 35.000

1 10 .5 4.7 40.000

1 11 .5 5.2 42.000

1 12 .5 5.7 44.000

3 15 1.4 7.1 45.000

1 16 .5 7.6 47.000

5 21 2.4 10.0 50.000

1 22 .5 10.4 51.000

1 23 .5 10.9 52.000

1 24 .5 11.4 53.000

1 25 .5 11.8 54.000

7 32 3.3 15.2 55.000

1 33 .5 15.6 57.000

1 34 .5 16.1 58.000

1 35 .5 16.6 58.400

2 37 .9 17.5 58.830

12 49 5.7 23.2 60.000

1 50 .5 23.7 61.000

2 52 .9 24.6 62.000

4 56 1.9 26.5 64.000

10 66 4.7 31.3 65.000

1 67 .5 31.8 66.000

2 69 .9 32.7 67.000

3 72 1.4 34.1 68.000

1 73 .5 34.6 68.290

5 78 2.4 37.0 70.000

2 80 .9 37.9 72.000

10 90 4.7 42.7 75.000

2 92 .9 43.6 76.000

1 93 .5 44.1 76.650

2 95 .9 45.0 78.000

1 96 .5 45.5 79.000

3 99 1.4 46.9 80.000

1 100 .5 47.4 82.000

1 101 .5 47.9 83.510

1 102 .5 48.3 84.500

6 108 2.8 51.2 85.000

1 109 .5 51.7 87.000

1 110 .5 52.1 88.000

1 111 .5 52.6 89.000

5 116 2.4 55.0 90.000

1 117 .5 55.5 93.000

5 122 2.4 57.8 95.000

1 123 .5 58.3 96.000

1 124 .5 58.8 99.000

8 132 3.8 62.6 100.000

2 134 .9 63.5 102.000

2 136 .9 64.5 104.000

1 137 .5 64.9 104.690

1 138 .5 65.4 105.190

2 140 .9 66.4 106.000

1 141 .5 66.8 107.000

3 144 1.4 68.2 108.000

6 150 2.8 71.1 110.000

1 151 .5 71.6 111.000

1 152 .5 72.0 112.680

2 154 .9 73.0 115.000

1 155 .5 73.5 117.000

4 159 1.9 75.4 120.000

1 160 .5 75.8 121.000

1 161 .5 76.3 122.000

11 172 5.2 81.5 125.000

1 173 .5 82.0 126.000

1 174 .5 82.5 129.000

4 178 1.9 84.4 130.000

1 179 .5 84.8 131.000

1 180 .5 85.3 132.000

3 183 1.4 86.7 135.000

1 184 .5 87.2 137.000

2 186 .9 88.2 140.000

1 187 .5 88.6 141.780

1 188 .5 89.1 144.000

5 193 2.4 91.5 150.000

1 194 .5 91.9 153.000

1 195 .5 92.4 155.000

1 196 .5 92.9 160.000

3 199 1.4 94.3 165.000

2 201 .9 95.3 175.000

1 202 .5 95.7 198.610

1 203 .5 96.2 200.000

1 204 .5 96.7 203.000

1 205 .5 97.2 213.000

1 206 .5 97.6 250.000

1 207 .5 98.1 270.000

1 208 .5 98.6 275.000

2 210 .9 99.5 300.000

1 211 .5 100.0 307.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM37

1 1 .5 .5 2.000

3 4 1.4 1.9 25.000

4 8 1.9 3.8 30.000

2 10 1.0 4.8 35.000

3 13 1.4 6.2 40.000

1 14 .5 6.7 48.000

13 27 6.2 12.9 50.000

1 28 .5 13.4 55.000

11 39 5.3 18.7 60.000

7 46 3.3 22.0 65.000

1 47 .5 22.5 66.000

23 70 11.0 33.5 70.000

1 71 .5 34.0 73.000

28 99 13.4 47.4 75.000

1 100 .5 47.8 78.000

36 136 17.2 65.1 80.000

1 137 .5 65.6 82.500

12 149 5.7 71.3 85.000

1 150 .5 71.8 86.000

32 182 15.3 87.1 90.000

1 183 .5 87.6 94.000

18 201 8.6 96.2 95.000

1 202 .5 96.7 96.000

1 203 .5 97.1 98.000

2 205 1.0 98.1 99.000

4 209 1.9 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM38

2 2 1.0 1.0 10.000

4 6 1.9 2.9 20.000

1 7 .5 3.4 25.000

1 8 .5 3.8 30.000

1 9 .5 4.3 33.000

4 13 1.9 6.3 35.000

1 14 .5 6.7 37.000

15 29 7.2 13.9 40.000

1 30 .5 14.4 42.000

1 31 .5 14.9 45.000

23 54 11.1 26.0 50.000

1 55 .5 26.4 51.000

2 57 1.0 27.4 55.000

22 79 10.6 38.0 60.000

14 93 6.7 44.7 65.000

1 94 .5 45.2 66.000

1 95 .5 45.7 67.500

28 123 13.5 59.1 70.000

21 144 10.1 69.2 75.000

1 145 .5 69.7 76.000

27 172 13.0 82.7 80.000

1 173 .5 83.2 83.000

13 186 6.3 89.4 85.000

1 187 .5 89.9 88.000

1 188 .5 90.4 89.000

16 204 7.7 98.1 90.000

4 208 1.9 100.0 95.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM39

4 4 2.0 2.0 0.000

1 5 .5 2.5 0.050

13 18 6.4 8.9 1.000

1 19 .5 9.4 1.500

17 36 8.4 17.7 2.000

2 38 1.0 18.7 3.000

35 73 17.2 36.0 5.000

1 74 .5 36.5 7.500

2 76 1.0 37.4 8.000

50 126 24.6 62.1 10.000

1 127 .5 62.6 12.000

18 145 8.9 71.4 15.000

26 171 12.8 84.2 20.000

1 172 .5 84.7 24.000

8 180 3.9 88.7 25.000

1 181 .5 89.2 28.000

7 188 3.4 92.6 30.000

1 189 .5 93.1 35.000

5 194 2.5 95.6 40.000

1 195 .5 96.1 45.000

2 197 1.0 97.0 50.000

2 199 1.0 98.0 60.000

2 201 1.0 99.0 65.000

1 202 .5 99.5 80.000

1 203 .5 100.0 85.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM40

107 107 47.6 47.6 0.000

118 225 52.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM41

81 81 36.2 36.2 0.000

143 224 63.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM42

6 6 2.8 2.8 10.000

11 17 5.2 8.0 20.000

6 23 2.8 10.8 25.000

8 31 3.8 14.6 30.000

1 32 .5 15.1 33.000

1 33 .5 15.6 35.000

9 42 4.2 19.8 40.000

7 49 3.3 23.1 45.000

53 102 25.0 48.1 50.000

1 103 .5 48.6 55.000

19 122 9.0 57.5 60.000

3 125 1.4 59.0 65.000

10 135 4.7 63.7 70.000

18 153 8.5 72.2 75.000

16 169 7.5 79.7 80.000

7 176 3.3 83.0 85.000

21 197 9.9 92.9 90.000

7 204 3.3 96.2 95.000

3 207 1.4 97.6 98.000

1 208 .5 98.1 99.000

4 212 1.9 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM43

149 149 68.0 68.0 0.000

37 186 16.9 84.9 1.000

20 206 9.1 94.1 2.000

6 212 2.7 96.8 3.000

3 215 1.4 98.2 4.000

3 218 1.4 99.5 5.000

1 219 .5 100.0 8.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM44

34 34 15.5 15.5 0.000

186 220 84.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM46FE

1 1 .5 .5 0.000

4 5 1.9 2.4 1.000

5 10 2.4 4.9 2.000

11 21 5.3 10.2 3.000

26 47 12.6 22.8 4.000

29 76 14.1 36.9 5.000

23 99 11.2 48.1 6.000

19 118 9.2 57.3 7.000

8 126 3.9 61.2 8.000

13 139 6.3 67.5 9.000

9 148 4.4 71.8 10.000

6 154 2.9 74.8 11.000

5 159 2.4 77.2 12.000

8 167 3.9 81.1 13.000

3 170 1.5 82.5 14.000

3 173 1.5 84.0 15.000

2 175 1.0 85.0 16.000

2 177 1.0 85.9 17.000

5 182 2.4 88.3 18.000

5 187 2.4 90.8 20.000

1 188 .5 91.3 21.000

2 190 1.0 92.2 22.000

2 192 1.0 93.2 29.000

1 193 .5 93.7 30.000

1 194 .5 94.2 34.000

2 196 1.0 95.1 35.000

1 197 .5 95.6 36.000

1 198 .5 96.1 39.000

3 201 1.5 97.6 40.000

1 202 .5 98.1 48.000

1 203 .5 98.5 51.000

1 204 .5 99.0 55.000

1 205 .5 99.5 60.000

1 206 .5 100.0 83.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM46MA

1 1 .5 .5 0.000

2 3 1.0 1.4 1.000

5 8 2.4 3.9 2.000

7 15 3.4 7.2 3.000

14 29 6.8 14.0 4.000

18 47 8.7 22.7 5.000

11 58 5.3 28.0 6.000

12 70 5.8 33.8 7.000

12 82 5.8 39.6 8.000

14 96 6.8 46.4 9.000

10 106 4.8 51.2 10.000

4 110 1.9 53.1 11.000

12 122 5.8 58.9 12.000

9 131 4.3 63.3 13.000

4 135 1.9 65.2 14.000

8 143 3.9 69.1 15.000

1 144 .5 69.6 16.000

3 147 1.4 71.0 17.000

6 153 2.9 73.9 18.000

1 154 .5 74.4 19.000

7 161 3.4 77.8 20.000

2 163 1.0 78.7 21.000

1 164 .5 79.2 22.000

1 165 .5 79.7 23.000

3 168 1.4 81.2 24.000

1 169 .5 81.6 25.000

3 172 1.4 83.1 26.000

1 173 .5 83.6 27.000

3 176 1.4 85.0 30.000

2 178 1.0 86.0 31.000

1 179 .5 86.5 32.000

1 180 .5 87.0 33.000

1 181 .5 87.4 34.000

2 183 1.0 88.4 35.000

1 184 .5 88.9 37.000

2 186 1.0 89.9 40.000

1 187 .5 90.3 43.000

1 188 .5 90.8 44.000

1 189 .5 91.3 46.000

1 190 .5 91.8 47.000

2 192 1.0 92.8 50.000

1 193 .5 93.2 53.000

1 194 .5 93.7 59.000

3 197 1.4 95.2 60.000

1 198 .5 95.7 61.000

1 199 .5 96.1 64.000

1 200 .5 96.6 69.000

1 201 .5 97.1 78.000

3 204 1.4 98.6 80.000

1 205 .5 99.0 81.000

1 206 .5 99.5 140.000

1 207 .5 100.0 169.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM47DA

4 4 1.8 1.8 1.000

1 5 .5 2.3 2.000

1 6 .5 2.7 2.500

6 12 2.7 5.5 3.000

1 13 .5 5.9 3.200

5 18 2.3 8.2 4.000

1 19 .5 8.6 4.700

8 27 3.6 12.3 5.000

1 28 .5 12.7 5.400

1 29 .5 13.2 5.600

1 30 .5 13.6 5.700

5 35 2.3 15.9 6.000

1 36 .5 16.4 6.340

1 37 .5 16.8 6.500

8 45 3.6 20.5 7.000

1 46 .5 20.9 7.300

1 47 .5 21.4 7.500

6 53 2.7 24.1 8.000

1 54 .5 24.5 8.800

8 62 3.6 28.2 9.000

1 63 .5 28.6 9.200

1 64 .5 29.1 9.500

14 78 6.4 35.5 10.000

1 79 .5 35.9 10.800

6 85 2.7 38.6 11.000

1 86 .5 39.1 11.500

4 90 1.8 40.9 12.000

1 91 .5 41.4 12.900

3 94 1.4 42.7 13.000

2 96 .9 43.6 13.750

14 110 6.4 50.0 14.000

12 122 5.5 55.5 15.000

1 123 .5 55.9 15.600

7 130 3.2 59.1 16.000

8 138 3.6 62.7 17.000

2 140 .9 63.6 17.500

10 150 4.5 68.2 18.000

1 151 .5 68.6 18.400

1 152 .5 69.1 19.000

4 156 1.8 70.9 20.000

7 163 3.2 74.1 21.000

1 164 .5 74.5 21.600

1 165 .5 75.0 22.000

3 168 1.4 76.4 23.000

1 169 .5 76.8 24.000

4 173 1.8 78.6 25.000

1 174 .5 79.1 26.000

1 175 .5 79.5 27.000

1 176 .5 80.0 28.000

2 178 .9 80.9 29.000

7 185 3.2 84.1 30.000

4 189 1.8 85.9 32.000

1 190 .5 86.4 35.000

1 191 .5 86.8 38.000

1 192 .5 87.3 39.000

1 193 .5 87.7 40.000

1 194 .5 88.2 42.000

1 195 .5 88.6 45.000

1 196 .5 89.1 57.000

5 201 2.3 91.4 60.000

1 202 .5 91.8 68.000

1 203 .5 92.3 85.000

2 205 .9 93.2 90.000

2 207 .9 94.1 150.000

1 208 .5 94.5 156.000

6 214 2.7 97.3 180.000

2 216 .9 98.2 210.000

1 217 .5 98.6 240.000

1 218 .5 99.1 255.000

1 219 .5 99.5 360.000

1 220 .5 100.0 365.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM48

5 5 2.4 2.4 0.000

5 10 2.4 4.8 1.000

4 14 1.9 6.7 2.000

5 19 2.4 9.1 3.000

2 21 1.0 10.1 4.000

20 41 9.6 19.7 5.000

2 43 1.0 20.7 7.000

1 44 .5 21.2 8.000

1 45 .5 21.6 9.000

29 74 13.9 35.6 10.000

1 75 .5 36.1 11.000

17 92 8.2 44.2 15.000

1 93 .5 44.7 17.000

1 94 .5 45.2 18.000

35 129 16.8 62.0 20.000

1 130 .5 62.5 23.000

18 148 8.7 71.2 25.000

17 165 8.2 79.3 30.000

1 166 .5 79.8 32.000

2 168 1.0 80.8 33.000

6 174 2.9 83.7 35.000

1 175 .5 84.1 38.000

15 190 7.2 91.3 40.000

7 197 3.4 94.7 50.000

3 200 1.4 96.2 60.000

2 202 1.0 97.1 65.000

2 204 1.0 98.1 70.000

2 206 1.0 99.0 75.000

2 208 1.0 100.0 80.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM49

3 3 1.4 1.4 10.000

3 6 1.4 2.8 12.000

11 17 5.0 7.8 13.000

35 52 16.1 23.9 14.000

61 113 28.0 51.8 15.000

67 180 30.7 82.6 16.000

18 198 8.3 90.8 17.000

19 217 8.7 99.5 18.000

1 218 .5 100.0 19.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM50

11 11 5.0 5.0 0.000

105 116 47.7 52.7 1.000

82 198 37.3 90.0 2.000

22 220 10.0 100.0 3.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM51A

3 3 1.5 1.5 0.000

3 6 1.5 2.9 2.000

1 7 .5 3.4 3.000

4 11 1.9 5.3 5.000

1 12 .5 5.8 7.000

1 13 .5 6.3 9.000

11 24 5.3 11.7 10.000

5 29 2.4 14.1 15.000

15 44 7.3 21.4 20.000

16 60 7.8 29.1 25.000

14 74 6.8 35.9 30.000

2 76 1.0 36.9 35.000

13 89 6.3 43.2 40.000

1 90 .5 43.7 45.000

31 121 15.0 58.7 50.000

1 122 .5 59.2 55.000

13 135 6.3 65.5 60.000

5 140 2.4 68.0 65.000

11 151 5.3 73.3 70.000

8 159 3.9 77.2 75.000

18 177 8.7 85.9 80.000

5 182 2.4 88.3 85.000

7 189 3.4 91.7 90.000

4 193 1.9 93.7 95.000

2 195 1.0 94.7 98.000

4 199 1.9 96.6 99.000

7 206 3.4 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM51B

15 15 7.4 7.4 0.000

7 22 3.4 10.8 1.000

1 23 .5 11.3 1.500

7 30 3.4 14.8 2.000

4 34 2.0 16.7 3.000

32 66 15.8 32.5 5.000

1 67 .5 33.0 9.000

50 117 24.6 57.6 10.000

9 126 4.4 62.1 15.000

22 148 10.8 72.9 20.000

1 149 .5 73.4 24.000

4 153 2.0 75.4 25.000

9 162 4.4 79.8 30.000

1 163 .5 80.3 33.000

9 172 4.4 84.7 40.000

1 173 .5 85.2 45.000

15 188 7.4 92.6 50.000

5 193 2.5 95.1 60.000

2 195 1.0 96.1 65.000

4 199 2.0 98.0 70.000

1 200 .5 98.5 75.000

1 201 .5 99.0 80.000

1 202 .5 99.5 90.000

1 203 .5 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM52

85 85 38.1 38.1 0.000

34 119 15.2 53.4 1.000

31 150 13.9 67.3 2.000

17 167 7.6 74.9 3.000

7 174 3.1 78.0 4.000

15 189 6.7 84.8 5.000

10 199 4.5 89.2 6.000

2 201 .9 90.1 7.000

2 203 .9 91.0 8.000

1 204 .4 91.5 9.000

6 210 2.7 94.2 10.000

3 213 1.3 95.5 12.000

1 214 .4 96.0 14.000

2 216 .9 96.9 15.000

1 217 .4 97.3 16.000

2 219 .9 98.2 20.000

1 220 .4 98.7 25.000

1 221 .4 99.1 36.000

1 222 .4 99.6 40.000

1 223 .4 100.0 50.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM53

206 206 93.2 93.2 0.000

9 215 4.1 97.3 1.000

3 218 1.4 98.6 2.000

2 220 .9 99.5 3.000

1 221 .5 100.0 11.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM54

149 149 68.3 68.3 0.000

69 218 31.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM55

1 1 .5 .5 12.000

5 6 2.6 3.1 13.000

10 16 5.2 8.3 14.000

22 38 11.5 19.8 15.000

38 76 19.8 39.6 16.000

12 88 6.3 45.8 17.000

65 153 33.9 79.7 18.000

1 154 .5 80.2 19.000

1 155 .5 80.7 20.000

29 184 15.1 95.8 21.000

3 187 1.6 97.4 25.000

1 188 .5 97.9 30.000

1 189 .5 98.4 99.000

1 190 .5 99.0 110.000

1 191 .5 99.5 180.000

1 192 .5 100.0 200.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM56

2 2 .9 .9 5.000

5 7 2.3 3.2 6.000

6 13 2.8 6.0 7.000

19 32 8.7 14.7 8.000

6 38 2.8 17.4 9.000

72 110 33.0 50.5 10.000

7 117 3.2 53.7 11.000

62 179 28.4 82.1 12.000

14 193 6.4 88.5 13.000

17 210 7.8 96.3 14.000

2 212 .9 97.2 15.000

5 217 2.3 99.5 16.000

1 218 .5 100.0 18.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM57

1 1 .5 .5 0.000

4 5 1.9 2.3 2.000

3 8 1.4 3.7 3.000

13 21 6.1 9.8 5.000

2 23 .9 10.7 6.000

1 24 .5 11.2 6.500

2 26 .9 12.1 7.000

28 54 13.1 25.2 10.000

1 55 .5 25.7 12.000

14 69 6.5 32.2 15.000

27 96 12.6 44.9 20.000

1 97 .5 45.3 22.000

1 98 .5 45.8 22.500

18 116 8.4 54.2 25.000

26 142 12.1 66.4 30.000

3 145 1.4 67.8 33.000

4 149 1.9 69.6 35.000

20 169 9.3 79.0 40.000

3 172 1.4 80.4 45.000

13 185 6.1 86.4 50.000

1 186 .5 86.9 55.000

13 199 6.1 93.0 60.000

4 203 1.9 94.9 65.000

3 206 1.4 96.3 70.000

5 211 2.3 98.6 75.000

1 212 .5 99.1 80.000

2 214 .9 100.0 90.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM58

16 16 7.5 7.5 0.000

4 20 1.9 9.4 1.000

4 24 1.9 11.3 2.000

7 31 3.3 14.6 5.000

1 32 .5 15.0 9.000

9 41 4.2 19.2 10.000

1 42 .5 19.7 12.000

1 43 .5 20.2 16.000

2 45 .9 21.1 20.000

1 46 .5 21.6 23.000

8 54 3.8 25.4 25.000

5 59 2.3 27.7 30.000

1 60 .5 28.2 33.000

1 61 .5 28.6 35.000

5 66 2.3 31.0 40.000

1 67 .5 31.5 45.000

13 80 6.1 37.6 50.000

3 83 1.4 39.0 55.000

13 96 6.1 45.1 60.000

2 98 .9 46.0 65.000

1 99 .5 46.5 67.000

12 111 5.6 52.1 70.000

14 125 6.6 58.7 75.000

1 126 .5 59.2 78.000

12 138 5.6 64.8 80.000

8 146 3.8 68.5 85.000

1 147 .5 69.0 89.000

20 167 9.4 78.4 90.000

26 193 12.2 90.6 95.000

1 194 .5 91.1 96.000

4 198 1.9 93.0 98.000

6 204 2.8 95.8 99.000

1 205 .5 96.2 99.990

8 213 3.8 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM59

14 14 6.3 6.3 1.000

28 42 12.7 19.0 2.000

145 187 65.6 84.6 3.000

34 221 15.4 100.0 4.000

THE 1992 JUVENILE CORRECTIONS SURVEY

1. What is the total juvenile population count in your facility today:

________males ________females

2. What type of juvenile facility is yours:

_1_Short term _2_Long term _3_Other (explain)____________

3. What percentage increase in your operating budget would assure a significant decrease in recidivism _______%

4. What type of facility is yours:

_1__Residential _2_Non-residential

5. In what area is your facility located?

_1_Rural _2_Urban _3_Other (explain)_________________

6. Generally, is overcrowding a problem in your facility?

_1_Yes _0_No

7. Does your facility have a planned re-entry program designed to provide continuity after release in terms of aftercare services? _1_Yes _0_No

8. (A) Is your facility currently accredited by the American Correctional Association? _1_Yes _0_No (If "NO", answer "B" below)

(B) If no, is your agency accredited through another Association? _1_Yes _0_No

9. What is the age range of juveniles committed to your facility:

Minimum age_____ Maximum age ____

10. For non-management staff, what is the minimum educational requirement for employment at your facility? (check one)

_1_ No educational requirement _2_ G.E.D.

_3_ High school degree _4_ Less than an A.A. degree

_5_ A.A. Degree _6__B.A. degree _7_Masters degree

11. Some line staff believe that juveniles "act out" more when there is a "full moon", do you believe there is any basis to this? _1_Yes _0_No _2_Maybe _9_Not sure

12. Please indicate if your facility has any of the following types of service programs:

A. Sex Education _1_yes _0_no

B. Drug Rehabilitation/Counseling _1_yes _0_no

C. Job Readiness Skills Training _1_yes _0_no

D. Treatment for depression _1_yes _0_no

E. To Enhance Self-Esteem _1_yes _0_no

F. To Increase Life Coping Skills _1_yes _0_no

G. To decrease propensity to commit

self destructive acts _1_yes _0_no

H. Gang deprogramming _1_yes _0_no

I. Aids/HIV awareness _1_yes _0_no

13. In your best estimate, what percentage of juveniles confined in your facility have served time with you before? ______%

14. Among staff who know about gang members, what is the current estimate of what percentage gang members are of the total population of your facility?

_____% of the males _____% of the females

15. Do whites have a separate gang? __1_ Yes _0__ No

16. Which is the MOST COMMON offense for the youths admitted to your facility? (check one)

_1_Drug offenses _2_Theft-burglary offenses _3_Violent offenses

_4_Status offenses

17. Does your facility reimburse staff for college tuition? _1_Yes _0_No

18. In your estimate, what percentage of the youths in your facility have ever been diagnosed as having a Sexually Transmitted Disease? ____%

19. ESTIMATE the number, Within the last one year period, how many serious injuries occurred in your facility from attacks/fights/assaults involving gang members? _____

20. Have gang members been a problem in terms of assaults on your staff? _1_yes _0_no

21. ESTIMATE the number Within the last one year period, how many assaults or attacks on your staff by gang members? _____

22. Did any of these assaults by gang members on your staff require hospitalization of the staff? _1_yes _0_no

23. Does the fear of violence represented by gangs, in your view, contribute to staff turnover in your facility? _1_yes _0_no

24. To what extent are gang members responsible for damage to property in your facility? (circle your estimate)

NONE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CHIEFLY RESPONSIBLE

25. Do your staff receive formalized training in dealing with the gang problem? _1_Yes _0_No

26. Are racial conflicts a problem among juveniles in your facility? _1_Yes _0_No

27. What strategies does your facility use to deal with gangs? (check all those that apply) 1=checked 0=blank

___ transfers ___ Use of informers ___ Segregation

___ Isolating leaders ___ lockdown ___ prosecution

___ interrupting communications ___ case by case dealings

___ ignoring their existence ___ infiltration

___ displacing members to different facilities

___ coopting of prisoners to control gangs

___ meeting with gang leaders on "as needed" basis

___ joint meetings between various gang leaders

___ balance the number of rival gang members living in the same unit ___ other:___________________________________

28. Do you feel the juvenile justice system is too lenient with serious juvenile offenders? _1_Yes _0_No

29. In your opinion, rank order (1 = most effective, 2 = second best effective, etc, 6=least effective) the following six options in terms of which would be the most effective goals for juvenile corrections:

___ Rehabilitation ___ Deterrence ___ Incapacitation

___ Reintegration ___ Reconciliation ___ Restitution

30. What percentage of the youths in your facility are: ___% White ___% Black ___% Hispanic ___% Other

31. Do you believe that the military-style boot camps can be effective in reducing the recidivism of juveniles? _1_Yes _0_No

32. A. Does your facility have a full-time chaplain on staff? _1_Yes _0_No

B. Any part-time chaplains on staff? _1_Yes _0_No

C. Any contracted chaplains/clergy? _1_Yes _0_No

D. Do you all religious volunteers? _1_Yes _0_No

33. Is attending religious services mandatory or voluntary for youths in your facility? _1_Mandatory _2_Voluntary

34. Do you provide the youths in your facility the opportunity to exercise in an equipped gymnasium at least once a week? _1_Yes _0_No

35. Does your facility make use of a "POINT SYSTEM" for behavioral modification? _1_YES _0_NO

36. On the average, what is your daily cost for one youth? $________ Daily

37. What percentage of the youths in your facility come from lower-class family backgrounds? _____%

38. What percent of the youths in your facility come from single-parent homes? ___%

39. What percentage of the youths in your facility come from two-parent homes that are nurturing, responsible, and truly concerned about the welfare of their children? ____%

40. Is the rehabilitation of the youths in your facility a part of your official mission statement? _1_Yes _0_No

41. Do you feel your facility has adequate educational facilities and staff to reduce illiteracy among the youths in your facility? _1_Yes _0_No

42. In your estimate, what percentage of the youths in your facility would not be there if they had better parents? ____%

43. How many staff do you have employed as social workers who hold the MSW degree? ____

44. Do you feel that if more was done in the school system (K-12) to prevent and control crime, that fewer youths would end up in confinement?

_1_Yes _0_No

45. Briefly, what is the mission statement of your facility:

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

46. Among your full-time staff, how many are females and how many are males: ___Females ___Males

47. What is the average length of stay in your facility? ________ days

48. What percentage of the youths in your facility were adjudicated for drug-related offenses (estimate)? ____%

49. In your opinion, what should be the minimum age for trying juveniles as adults? ____years old

50. Which level of security tends to characterize your facility? (check one only)

_1_Maximum Security _2_ Medium Security _4_Minimum Security _0_No security

51. What percentage of the juveniles in your facility would you estimate have religious beliefs? ___%

B. What percent actually practice those beliefs?____%

52. Approximately how many suicide attempts have occurred in your facility among the juveniles during the last twelve months? _____

53. During the last 12 month period, how many youths have sustained life- threatening injuries while in your facility? ____

54. In general, do you support the use of the death penalty for juveniles convicted of capital offenses? _1_Yes _0_No

55. In your opinion, what should be the absolute minimum age for persons receiving the death penalty? ____ years old

56. At what age do you believe any child of normal intelligence should be held accountable for acts that constitute juvenile delinquency? ____ years old

57. In your estimate, what percentage of the juveniles in your facility will become career criminals? ____%

58. What percentage of the youths in your facility come from homes in urban areas? _____%

59. Does your facility have a full-time, part-time, or contractual physician on staff?

_1_Full-time _2_Part-time _3_Contractual _4_Other

1. George W. Knox, 1991, An Introduction to Gangs, Berrien Springs, MI: Vande Vere Publishing.

George W. Knox, David Laske, and Edward D. Tromanhauser, 1992, Schools Under Siege, Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt Publishing Co.

2. Many such respondents who answered "zero" were those who were astute enough to write remarks on the survey alongside the question, mostly to the effect "there is no guaranteed way to reduce recidivism".

3. Note: The lower the mean rating number, the higher the effectiveness.