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FINDINGS FROM THE 1993 JAIL SURVEY:

A Preliminary Report

of the National Gang Crime Research Center

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: George W. Knox, Ph.D.

National Gang Crime Research Center

May 5th, 1993

ABSTRACT

Reported here are the results of a mail questionnaire study of American jails. A random sample of N = 613 jails were asked to participated in the study. A total of N = 135 jail administrators returned completed questionnaires constituting the sample used here.

- ii -

FINDINGS FROM THE 1993 JAIL SURVEY:

A Preliminary Report

INTRODUCTION

The modern American jail administrator is an expert in crisis management. The reason this should be true is to be found in the nature of this type of correctional organization itself. The jail or local detention facility is typically depicted as the worst aspect of the "gulag system" of using the penal sanction within the American criminal justice system. It is much maligned and least understood.

The present study has sought to improve our understanding of some of the issues faced by jail administrators today. There are several previous studies of American jails, including the information periodically produced by the Census Department. In reviewing the literature prior to implementing the survey reported here a number of issues were identified as worthy of study. Not all of these could be included in a single survey instrument. Thus, the present study sought to fill some of the noteworthy gaps in the previous literature, particularly the issues dealing with gangs.

The gang problem, it will be seen, can now be added to the continuing crisis facing American jail administrators.

PURPOSE

The purpose of the present study was to provide an exploratory study of a variety of jail problems including those involving gangs and gang members. Additional issues discussed in this study include: training and accreditation, overcrowding, drug treatment services, suicide, arson, escape, and inmate visitation policies.

SAMPLING AND METHODOLOGY

The sample frame for the present study consisted of all jails and local detention facilities listed in the 1993 directory. This includes approximately N = 3042 separate facilities. As this was not a funded project, but rather one in which all of the researchers equally paid for the costs of postage out of pocket, this fiscal constraint determined how what proportion of the facilities could be included in the sample. Due to this fiscal limitation, some N = 613 such facilities were randomly chosen. The sampling algorithm simply meant selecting every fifth agency in the sample frame itself. This sample frame therefore identifies local jail administrators. This sample frame does not include jail administrators who are state-sponsored facilities. Thus, every local jail administrator had an equal chance of being included in this mail questionnaire study .

The sample size used here consists of the N = 135 responding jail administrators who completed and returned the questionnaire at the time final data analysis was made for this study.

THE SURVEY INSTRUMENT

The survey instrument was designed as a collective enterprise during the Spring 1993 semester for a graduate course entitled "Seminar in Correctional Research" taught at Chicago State University's Department of Criminal Justice. Each of the students enrolled in the course was allowed to include one or more survey items justified from the literature on American jails. A number of other items were included that replicated previous research on other aspects of the correctional system.

A copy of the survey instrument is provided in Appendix A.

DESCRIPTIVE FINDINGS

The complete frequency and percentage distribution for all variables in this study is provided in Appendix B. The purpose of this section is to provide a summary of the more important trends in this data.

Illiteracy Among Inmates. The jail administrators were asked (ITEM1 in the survey) "To what extent do you believe illiteracy is a problem among the offenders in your facility?". The choices were the numbers zero through nine, where zero represented "no problem" and nine represented "large problem". As seen in the distribution for this item in Appendix B, it seems to represent a fairly normal distribution. Yet over half (61.9%) rated this problem at a level of five or higher. The mean or average was a value of 4.95 on this scale.

Adequate Funding. Asked if their agency receives adequate funding, just over three-fourths (77.3%) indicated "no". The minority (22.7%) indicated "yes", that their agency did receive adequate funding.

What increase in budget would be necessary to assure no overcrowding, adequate staff training, and services? As seen in the actual distribution in Appendix B for this item (ITEM3), the responses ranged from a low of zero percent increase to a high of 300 percent increase. In fact, over half (59.7%) reported they would require a budget increase of 35 percent or higher. The mean or average increase in budget that would be need was 42.2 percent.

Estimated Percentage of Inmates Who Are Gang Members. Two measures are provided of this factor, for males (ITEM4M) and females (ITEM4F). For males, the estimates ranged from a low of zero percent to a high of sixty percent with a mean of 5.09 percent. For female inmates the estimates ranged from a low of zero percent to a high of 85 percent with a mean or average of 2.2 percent. In one out of five of the jails in this survey (20.8%) the estimated percentage of male gang members was 10 percent or higher. However, only 5.2 percent of the jails estimated that the percentage of female gang members as being 10 percent or more of their inmate population.

Formal Gang Training For Jail Staff. Asked if their staff receive formalized training in dealing with the gang problem, just over a fourth (26.1%) indicated "yes". Most (73.9%) said "no". The length of this training in the fourth of the cases where it was provided varied between a low of zero to a high of 40 hours. The mean was 6.6 hours of such training. Just over half (57.1%) received less than four hours of such training where it was provided. Two-thirds (67.4%) of the jails responding to the survey did, however, indicate that in their opinion their staff could benefit from professional outside training dealing with gangs.

Gang Members: Assaults and Threats on Jail Staff. Only three percent (3%) of the jails responding to the survey reported that gang members have been a problem in terms of assaults on their staff. However, over a fourth (26.2%) of the jails reported that gang members have been a problem in terms of threats against jail staff.

Racial Conflicts Among Jail Inmates. About two-fifths (41.8%) of the jails in this survey reported that racial conflicts are a problem among the inmates in their facilities.

Separate White Gangs in Jails. Asked if white inmates have a separate gang, some 19.7 percent of the jails responding to the survey indicated this was true.

Staff Recognition To Gangs. Asked if they believe that giving staff recognition to inmate gang leaders is similar to negotiating with terrorists, just over half (53%) indicated "yes". Still, some 47 percent reject this belief.

Drug Treatment Programs in the Jails. Just under half of the jails (47.3%) reported that their facility has a drug treatment program. When asked to rate the effectiveness of their drug treatment program on a scale of 1 through 10 (where 1 = not effective, and 10 = highly effective), 22.9 percent gave the lowest rating possible ("1"). In fact, 75.9 percent rated the effectiveness of such efforts at a level of 5 or less on a 1 through 10 point scale. The mean or average rating of the effectiveness was 4.

Finding Illicit Drugs During Shakedowns. Asked if they often find illicit drugs when they have a shake-down in their facilities, some 16.8 percent indicated "yes".

Assaults by Inmates Against Correctional Personnel. The jail administrators in this survey were asked to estimate the total number of assaults by inmates against their correctional personnel during the last twelve month period. Some 43.8 percent indicated zero such assaults by inmates against jail personnel. Thus, the estimated number of such assaults in the one recent year period ranged from a low of zero to a high of 45. The mean or average was 3.3 such assaults.

Firearms Confiscated From Inmates. Asked if any firearms were confiscated from inmates or secure areas within the last twelve months, some 2.3 percent indicated "yes".

Edged Weapons Confiscated From Inmate Shakedowns. Asked to estimate how many edged weapons were confiscated from inmate shakedowns within the last twelve month period, over half (59.8%) indicated one or more such weapons were confiscated. Still, some 40.2 percent indicated zero such confiscations. Thus, the range of values varied from a low of zero to a high of 100. The mean was 6.2 such weapons.

Assaults Among Inmates With Edged Weapons. Asked to estimate how many assaults were committed with edged weapons among inmates within the last twelve month period, most (85%) indicated zero such incidents. The range of values was therefore between a low of zero to a high of 20 such incidents during the recent one year period. The mean was .6 such assaults.

Assaults on Staff With Weapons of Any Kind. Asked to estimate how many assaults against staff were committed with weapons of any kind by inmates during the last twelve months, most (94%) indicated zero such incidents. Thus, the range of values was between a low of zero such incidents to a high of 10 such incidents. The mean was .19 such assaults.

Staff Injuries From Attacks/Confrontations With Inmates. Asked if any of their staff received serious injuries from attacks or confrontations with inmates within the last twelve month period, some 13.4 percent indicated "yes".

Ongoing Inservice Training For Jail Staff. Asked if their correctional officers receive ongoing inservice training, about four-fifths (79.1%) indicated yes. Thus, about one fifth (20.9%) do not receive such ongoing inservice training. Asked how many hours per month of such inservice training is provided, the results indicate a range of values between a low of zero to a high of 14 hours per month. The mean or average was 3.45 hours of training per month.

Escape Attempts. Asked how many escape attempts occurred at their facility within the last twelve month period, about two-thirds (67.2%) indicate zero such escape attempts. Thus, the range of values showed a low of zero and a high of 40 such escape attempts. About one-third of the jails have one or more escape attempts per year. The mean or average number of escapes in the one year period was .95 escapes.

Fire-setting Incidents in the Jails. The jail administrators in this survey were asked how many incidents of fire-setting occurred within their facility during the last twelve month period. The results show that 69.9 percent indicated zero such incidents; thus over a fourth (30.1%) report that one or more of such fire-setting incidents occurred in their jail during the last twelve month period. The range of values was between a low of zero to a high of 10 such fire-setting incidents. The average or mean was .73 such incidents.

Illicit Drug Seizures. The jail administrators were also asked to estimate how many incidents of illicit drug seizures occurred within their facility during the last twelve month period. Just over half (54.6%) indicated "none". Thus, the range of values varied between a low of zero to a high of 100 such incidents. The average or mean number of such seizures was 3.9.

Lock-downs. Asked how many lock-downs occurred at their facility during the last twelve month period, 42.5 percent said none. The range was between zero to a high of 400. The mean or average number was 9.7.

Training Correctional Officers to Avoid Agression With Inmates. Asked if they believe correctional officers who work in the jail should be trained to avoid aggression with inmates, the vast majority of the jail administrators responding to the survey (93.9%) said "yes".

Training to Calm Inmates' Emotional Distress. Similarly, the jail administrators were asked "Do you believe correctional officers who work in the jail should be trained to calm inmates' emotional distress? (ITEM27)". Nearly all (99.2%) said "yes".

Inmate Suicide. When asked whether males or females are more likely to attempt suicide while in jail, most (89.1%) indicated males were more likely to attempt suicide. Still, some 10.9 percent indicated female jail inmates were more likely to attempt suicide. Asked, what is the highest risk period for jail suicide attempts: 54.9 percent indicated "intake", 24.8 percent indicated "pretrial", none indicated "during trial", 8 percent indicated "before sentencing", and 12.4 percent indicted "after sentencing". Asked "which is the single most common method of suicide attempts in your facility's history (ITEM30)", a third (33%) indicated "lacerations", none indicated "inserting head into toilet", two-thirds (66.1%) indicated "hanging/suffocation", and .9 percent indicated "other self-inflicted trauma".

ACA Accreditation. Asked if their facility was accredited by A.C.A. (American Correctional Association), only 18.3 percent indicated "yes".

Percentage of Budget That Goes to Staff Training. The jail administrators in the sample were asked "What percentage of your overall budget goes to staff training? (ITEM32)". The range of values showed a low of zero percent to a high of 20 percent. But some 82.9 percent of all jails spent five percent or less of their overall budget on staff training. The average or mean percentage of the overall budget for staff training was 3.6 percent.

Tuition Reimbursement for Jail Staff. The jail administrators were also asked "do your correctional officers receive tuition reimbursement for college classes? (ITEM33)". Three fourths (77.1%) said "no". Some 22.9 percent indicated "yes", that such tuition reimbursement was available.

Percentage of Inmates Who Are Repeat Offenders. Asked to estimate what percentage of their jail inmate population are repeat offenders, the findings ranged from a low of 3 percent to a high of 98 percent. In fact, over half of the jails (54.5%) estimated that 60 percent or more of their inmates were repeat offenders. The mean or average percentage of inmates who are repeat offenders was 58.05 percent.

Does Gang Affiliation Increase Recidivism? The jail administrators were asked if they believe that gang affiliation tends to increase recidivism. Some 43.9 percent indicated "yes", that such gang affiliation probably does increase recidivism. The majority (56.1%) felt contrary, that gang affiliation does not increase recidivism. Actually, previous follow-up research does in fact show that gang affiliation is a factor that is associated with higher recidivism rates.

Private Contact Visits. Asked if private contact visits for spouses under special arrangements are allowed for deserving inmates, only 17.2 percent indicated "yes". Most (82.8%) did not allow such private contact visits. More generally, however, for "contact visits", some 40.7 percent of the jails did allow these.

Visiting Hours. The jail administrators were asked what is the maximum number of visiting hours an inmate can receive on a weekly basis in their facility. The findings show a range of values between a low of one-fourth of an hour to a high of 40 hours per week. More than half (59.8%) allowed a maximum of two hours or less per week for visiting. The mean or average number of weekly visiting hours for inmates was 3.06 hours per week.

In What Year Did the Gang Problem Emerge in the Jails? The jail administrators were asked "in what year did gang problems among inmates first become recognized in your facility? (ITEM39)". The findings show a range between a low of the year "1970" to a high of as recently as "1993". Over 90 percent (91.1%) indicated that the gang problem emerged on or after 1981. This compares very well with similar data showing essentially the same finding from national surveys of police chiefs and sheriffs by the National Gang Crime Research Center.

Could Conjugal Visits Control Gang Problems? The jail administrators were asked "in your view, could conjugal visiting be used as a reward to control gang problems in jail? (ITEM 41)". Only 10.4 percent said "yes". Most (89.6%) said "NO".

Gangs and Improvised Weapons Production. The jail administrators were also asked "in your opinion, have inmate gangs tended to result in more improvised weapons production (e.g., shanks, etc) among inmates in your facility? (ITEM42)". Some 19.5 percent indicated affirmatively. Most (80.5%) said "no".

Tougher Laws To Control the Gang Problem. The jail administrators were asked "do you feel we need tougher laws to control the gang problem among inmates? (ITEM43)". Three-fourths (75.9%) said "yes".

Effective Affirmative Action Programs. The jail administrators were asked "do you feel your department has an effective affirmative action program? (ITEM44)". Some 72.9 percent said "yes". Still, just over a fourth (27.4%) indicated they did not believe their department has such an effective affirmative action program.

Resources and Programs to Control the Gang Problem. The jail administrators were asked "Do you believe your facility has enough resources and programs to control the gang problem? (ITEM45)". Half (50.5%) said "yes", and half (49.5%) said "no".

Establishing Standards for Controlling Inmate Gangs. Two questions were used on establishing standards for the control of inmate gangs. Asked where ACA should establish standards for controllling inmate gangs, some 71.1 percent said "yes". Asked whether AJA should establish such standards 73.5 percent said "yes".

Endorsement of the "Set-Off" or Balancing Method of Gang Control. From previous research on gangs in corrections it is well known that some correctional facilities seek to control gangs by the "set-off" method. It involves "balancing the number of rival gang members" in a living unit/cellhouse, etc. The jail administrators were asked if they think this is an effective way to control inmate gangs. Some 40 percent said "yes". Some 60 percent said "no".

Belief in the "Full Moon" Theory of Inmate Assaultiveness. The jail administrators were asked whether they believe there is any basis to the idea that offenders are more assaultive when there is a full moon. Less than a fifth (18.5%) said "no". Some 46.2 percent said "yes". Another 27.7 percent said "maybe". And 7.7 percent indicated they were not sure.

Total Inmate Population Counts at the Time of the Survey. The total inmate population counts at the time the jail administrators completed the survey showed a range of values between a low count of zero such inmates to a high of 14,900 inmates. About half of the jail administrators (50.7%) indicated a population count at the time of the survey of less than or equal to 40 inmates. The average count was 282.1 inmates.

Security Levels. Asked to indicate what level of security best characterizes their facility, some 16 percent said "minimum", 48 percent indicated "medium", and 36 percent indicated "maximum security".

Could Tuition Support for Staff Help Control the Gang Problem? The jail administrators were asked whether they believe that providing tuition support to staff could help control the gang problem. Just over a third (37.6%) said "yes", and just under two-thirds (62.4%) said "no".

When Was The Physical Plant of the Jail Constructed? The findings show a range between the oldest being constructed in 1850 and the newest being built in 1993.

Full-time Ombudsmen Staff. The jail administrators were asked if their facility employs any full-time staff in the role of ombudsmen for inmates. Only 5.4 percent said "yes".

Has the Supreme Court Gone Too Far on Inmate Rights? The jail administrators were asked "in general, do you believe the Supreme Court has gone too far on ruling in favor of inmate rights" (ITEM55). Most (83.5%) said "yes". Some 16.5 percent said "no".

Can Sex Offenders Be Prevented From Future Sex Crimes? The jail administrators were asked "In your opinion, can the sex offenders in your facility be prevented from committing such future sex crimes" (ITEM56). Only a fifth (20.6%) said "yes". Most (79.4%) said "no".

What Percentage of Inmates Need Addiction Counseling? The jail administrators were asked to estimate what percentage of the inmate population need drug addiction counseling services? The results show a range of values between a low of 0 percent to a high of 100 percent. The average or mean estimate needing this counseling was 40.6 percent.

Does the Classification System Take Gang Membership Into Account? The jail administrators were asked whether their institutional classification system takes gang membership into account. Some 42.6 percent said "yes". Over half (57.4%) said "no".

What Strategies Are Used to Control Gangs. A number of different options were listed for the facility administrators. They were simply instructed to "check-off" all those they used to control gangs in their facility. Below are the results of the percentage who use these various techniques to control gangs in their facillities: 30.6% use "transfers", 18.7% "use of informers", 38.8 percent "segregation", 29.1% "isolate leaders", 26.9% "lock-downs", 17.9% "prosecution", 17.9% "interrupting communications", 33.6% "case by case dealings", 3.7% "ignoring their existence", 2.2% "infiltration", 13.4% "displacing members to different facilities", 2.2% "coopting of prisoners to control gangs", 3.7% "meeting with gang leaders on as needed basis", 1.5% "joint meetings between various gang leaders", 14.2% "balance the number of rival gang members living in the same unit", and 3% indicated "other".

Court Prosecuted Felony Crimes Committed in the Jails. The jail administrators were asked "how many felony crimes committed by inmates in your facility were court prosecuted during the last year?". Some 46.7 percent indicated "none". The range of values varied therefore between a low of zero to a high of 75. The mean number of such prosecutued felonies was 4.62 during the last one year period.

A related quetion asked "In your estimate, how many felony crimes committed by inmates in your facility COULD HAVE LEGALLY BEEN PROSECUTED UNDER STATUTE during the last year?". The results show a range of values between a low of zero to a high of 157. The mean or average was 7.38 such felonies.

Which is Most Effective in Reducing Recidivism: Punishment or Rehabilitation? The jail administrators were asked "in your opinion, which of the following correctional goals/philosophies is most effective in reducing recidivism: punishment or rehabilitation?" Some 55.9 percent chose punishment. Some 44.1 percent chose rehabilitation.

Estimates of Recidivism. The jail administrators were asked to estimate what percentage of the inmates confined in their facility have served time with them before. The results show a range of values between a low of zero percent to a high of 100 percent. The average or mean value for this recidivism estimate was 55.6 percent.

Have Gangs Significantly Affected the Correctional Environment? The jail administrators were asked "Do you believe that inmate gangs have significantly affected your correctional environment?" Most (88.8%) said "no". Some 11.2 percent said "yes".

Inmate Population Counts by Sex. The inmate counts for males showed a range between a low of zero to a high of 12,000. The inmate counts for females showed a range between a low of zero to a high of 2,000. The mean for males was 250.1 and the mean for females was 31.2.

Familiarity With Previous Federally Funded "Gangs in Corrections" Research. The jail administrators were asked "are you familiar with the Camp and Camp (1985) study of prison gangs?". Some 6.1 percent indicated "yes". Most (93.9%) said "no".

Utilization of the Research Reports from the National Institute of Justice. The jail administrators were asked "has your facility been able to make use of any of the research reports from the National Institute of Justice?" Some 54.8 percent said "no". Some 45.2% said "yes".

Drug Importation to the Jails by Gang Members. The jail administrators were asked to estimate what percentage of all illicit drugs brought into their facility was done so by gang members. The results show a range of values between a low of zero to a high of 100 percent. The mean or average estimate was that 7.88 percent of of all illicit drugs are brought into the facility by gang members.

Could Electronic Monitoring Be More Cost Effective? The jail administrators were asked "do you believe electronic monitoring could be more cost-effective than local detention while awaiting trial?". Some 48.4 percent said "yes". About half (51.6%) said "no". The jail administrators were also asked to estimate the percentage of the inmate population in their facility that would never be suitable candidates for electronic monitoring. Here the range of values varied between a low of zero percent to a high of 100 percent. The mean or average was 50.85 percent who were felt to never be suitable candidates for electronic monitoring.

Does Society Want Inmates Rehabilitated? The jail administrators were asked "do you feel society wants to help inmtes be rehabilitated?". Some 74.2 percent said "no". About a fourth (25.8%) said "yes".

Overcrowding. The jail administrators were asked "generally, is overcrowding a problem in your facility?". Some 50.4 percent said no; some 49.6 percent said "yes".

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The findings reported here come from a survey 135 jail administrators. This is a preliminary report of the findings. No effort has been made to ascertain the differences, if any, between those who responded to the mail questionnaire and those who chose not to become respondents. Generally, we suspect the larger facilities were less cooperative; however, not in all instances as seen in the distribution for the size of the inmate counts in this study. Mostly, we suspect from the distribution of the zip codes that no specific areas of the country were less likely to respond to the survey which was the most important concern for the present project.

Some of the problems that the jail administrators voiced were traditional and expected: they are often underfunded and overworked, their staff are not always given enough training and certainly those that provide tuition for college upgrading are the exception. Gangs were a problem, but other problems exceeded the gang problem (e.g., racial conflicts, etc).

A number of the views and estimates (e.g., when the gang problem first appeared, belief in the full-moon theory, etc) represent findings that are remarkably similar to other surveys on the same questions involving different segments of the criminal justice system (e.g., law enforcement). The assaults on staff, escape attempts, the fire-setting incidents, and other problems certainly deserve further and intensive analysis. These are problems worth examining from a prevention point of view.

There was fairly strong consensus that groups like ACA and AJA should in fact establish "standards" on the control of inmate gangs. Still we are not aware of any other national research that examines the gang problem in jails and local detention specifically. Thus, this must be regarded as a literally un- or underresearched area. Hopefully, the descriptive findings reported here will begin to answer some of the many questions that exist with regard to the gang problem in American jails today.

APPENDIX A

Copy of The Survey Instrument

THE 1993 JAIL AND LOCAL DETENTION SURVEY

1. To what extent do you believe illiteracy is a problem among the offenders in your facility? (circle a number):

NO PROBLEM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LARGE PROBLEM

2. Do you feel your agency receives adequate funding? ___Y ___N

3. What percentage increase in your budget would be necessary to assure no overcrowding, adequate staff, training, and services? ________% increase in current budget

4. Among staff who know about gang members, what is the current estimate of what percentage gang members are of the total inmate population?

_____% of the males _____% of the females

5. Do your staff receive formalized training in dealing with the gang problem? ___Yes ___No

If YES, how many hours is the gang training session? ____hours

6. In your opinion, could your staff benefit from professional outside training dealing with gangs? ___Yes ___No

7. Have gang members been a problem in terms of assaults on your staff? ___yes ___no THREATS ON STAFF? ___Yes ___No

8. Are racial conflicts a problem among the offenders in your facility? ___Yes ___No

9. Do whites have a separate gang? ____Yes ____No

If yes, what is it called?

_________________________________________________

10. In your opinion, is giving staff recognition to inmate gang leaders similar to negotiating with terrorists? ___Yes ___No

11. What are the names of the top three major gangs that are represented among inmates in your facility?

1. _________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________

12. Does your facility have a drug treatment program? ___Yes ___No

13. Please rate the effectiveness of your drug treatment program (circle one number).

NOT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HIGHLY

EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE

14. Do you often find illicit drugs when you have a shake-down in your facility? ___Yes ___No

15. Please estimate the total number of assaults by inmates against your correctional personnel in the last twelve months. ______inmate assaults on staff

16. Were any firearms confiscated from inmates or secure areas within the last twelve months? ___Yes ___No

17. Please estimate how many edged weapons were confiscated from inmate shakedowns within the last twelve months. ________

18. How many assaults were committed with edged weapons among inmates within the last twelve months? ______

19. How many assaults on staff were commited with weapons of any kind by inmates within the last twelve months?________

20. Have any of your staff received serious injuries from attacks or confrontations with inmates within the last twelve months? ___Yes ___No

21. Does your correctional officers receive ongoing inservice training? ___Yes ___No

IF YES, how many hours per month ____Hours

22. How many escape attempts occurred at your facility within the last twelve months? _______

23. How many incidents of fire-setting occurred within your facility during the last twelve months? ______

24. Please estimate how many incidents of illicit drug seizures occured within your facility during the last twelve months?_____

25. How many lock-downs occurred at your facility during the last twelve months? _____

26. Do you believe correctional officers who work in the jail should be trained to avoid aggression with inmates? ___Yes ___No

27. Do you believe correctional officers who work in the jail should be trained to calm inmates' emotional distress? ___Yes ___No

28. Which inmates are more likely to attempt suicide in your facility? ____Males ___Females

29. What is the higest risk period for jail suicide attempts?

____Intake ___Pretrial ___During trial ___Before Sentencing ____After sentencing

30. Which is the single most common method of suicide attempts in your facility's history.

___Lacerations ___Inserting head into toilet ___Hanging/suffocation ___Other self-inflicted trauma

31. Is your facility accredited by ACA? ___Yes ___No

32. What percentage of your overall budget goes to staff training? ______%

33. Do your correctional officers receive tuition reimbursement for college classes? ___Yes ___No

34. Please estimate what percentage of your jail inmate population are repeat offenders. _____ percent

35. Does gang affiliation tend to increase recidivism?

___Yes ___No

36. Are private contact visits allowed for spouses under special arrangements for deserving inmates? ___Yes ___No

37. Are contact visits allowed for inmates in your facility? ___Yes ___No

38. What is the maximum number of visiting hours an inmate can receive on a weekly basis in your facility? ____Hours per week

39. In what year did gang problems among inmates first become

recognized in your facility? 19______

40. Hypothetically, if you could do anything you wanted to make your facility SAFER, what would you do about the gang problem:__________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

41. In your view, could conjugal visiting be used as a reward to control gang problems in jail? ___Yes ___No

42. In your opinion, have inmate gangs tended to result in more improvised weapons production (e.g., shanks, etc) among inmates in your facility? ___Yes ___No

43. Do you feel we need tougher laws to control the gang problem among inmates? ___Yes ___No

44. Do you feel your Department has an effective Affirmative Action Program? ___Yes ___No

45. Do you believe your facility has enough resources and programs to control the gang problem? ___Yes ___No

46. In your opinion, should ACA establish Standards for controlling inmate gangs? ___Yes ___No

Should AJA establish such standards? ___Yes ___No

47. Some correctional facilities seek to control gangs by the "set off" method. It involves "balancing the number of rival gang members" in a living unit/cellhouse/etc. In your opinion, is this an effective way to control inmate gangs? ___Yes ___No

48. Some line staff believe that offenders are more assaultive when there is a "full moon", do you believe there is any basis to this? ___Yes ___No ___Maybe ___Not sure

49. What is the total inmate population (count) for your facility as of today?_________

50. What level of security is your facility? (Check one only)

___Minimum security ___Medium security ___High security

51. Does your agency provide tuition support for college classes for correctional officers? ___Yes ___No

52. Do you believe that providing tuition support for staff could help control the inmate gang problem? ___Yes ___No

53. In what year was your physical plant first constructed? ______

54. Does your facility have any full-time staff employed as ombudsmen for inmates? ___Yes ___No

55. In general, do you believe the Supreme Court has gone too far on ruling in favor of inmate rights? ___Yes ___No

56. In your opinion, can the sex offenders in your facility be prevented from committing such future sex crimes? ___Yes ___No

57. Estimate what percentage of your inmate population need drug addiction counseling services. ____%

58. Does your institutional classification system take gang membership into account? ___Yes ___No

59. What strategies does your facility use to control gangs? (check all those that apply)

___ transfers ___ Use of informers ___ Segregation

___ Isolating leaders ___ lockdown ___ prosecution

___ interrupting communications ___ case by case dealings

___ ignoring their existence ___ infiltration

___ displacing members to different facilities

___ coopting of prisoners to control gangs

___ meeting with gang leaders on "as needed" basis

___ joint meetings between various gang leaders

___ balance the number of rival gang members living in the same unit

___ other:___________________________________

60. How many felony crimes committed by inmates in your facility were court prosecuted during the last year? _____

61. In your estimate, how many felony crimes committed by inmates in your facility COULD HAVE LEGALLY BEEN PROSECUTED UNDER STATUTE during the last year? _____

62. In your opinion, which of the following correctional goals/philosophies is most effective in reducing recidivism (Check one only):

___Punishment ___Rehabilitation

63. In your best estimate, what percentage of the inmates confined in your facility have served time with you before?_____%

64. What is the MOST INNOVATIVE way you have ever heard of for controlling gang activity in jail?

______________________________________________________________

65. Do you believe that the inmate gangs have significantly affected your correctional environment?

___Yes ___No

66. What is your total inmate count as of today?

________ male inmates ______ female inmates

67. Are you familiar with the Camp and Camp 1985 study of Prison Gangs? ___Yes ___No

68. Has your facility been able to make use of any of the research reports available from the National Institute of Justice? ___Yes ___No

69. In your opinion, what percentage of all illicit drugs are brought into your facility by inmate gang members? ____%

70. Do you believe electronic monitoring could be most cost- effective than local detention while awaiting trial?

___Yes ___No

71. Estimate the percentage of the population in your facility that would never be suitable candidates for electronic monitoring. _____%

72. Do you feel society wants to help inmates be rehabilitated? ___Yes ___No

73. Generally, is overcrowding a problem in your facility? ___Yes ___No

74. What is the zip code for your Department: ______________

APPENDIX B:

Frequency and Percentage Distributions

For All Variables in the Survey

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM1

4 4 3.0 3.0 0.000

5 9 3.7 6.7 1.000

10 19 7.5 14.2 2.000

12 31 9.0 23.1 3.000

20 51 14.9 38.1 4.000

22 73 16.4 54.5 5.000

32 105 23.9 78.4 6.000

17 122 12.7 91.0 7.000

6 128 4.5 95.5 8.000

6 134 4.5 100.0 9.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM2

102 102 77.3 77.3 0.000

30 132 22.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM3

5 5 4.2 4.2 0.000

5 10 4.2 8.4 5.000

10 20 8.4 16.8 10.000

1 21 .8 17.6 12.000

8 29 6.7 24.4 15.000

12 41 10.1 34.5 20.000

7 48 5.9 40.3 25.000

24 72 20.2 60.5 30.000

3 75 2.5 63.0 35.000

1 76 .8 63.9 38.000

2 78 1.7 65.5 40.000

2 80 1.7 67.2 45.000

15 95 12.6 79.8 50.000

4 99 3.4 83.2 60.000

1 100 .8 84.0 65.000

2 102 1.7 85.7 70.000

2 104 1.7 87.4 75.000

1 105 .8 88.2 80.000

1 106 .8 89.1 96.000

10 116 8.4 97.5 100.000

1 117 .8 98.3 200.000

2 119 1.7 100.0 300.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM4M

47 47 37.6 37.6 0.000

1 48 .8 38.4 0.005

1 49 .8 39.2 0.070

1 50 .8 40.0 0.500

1 51 .8 40.8 0.900

16 67 12.8 53.6 1.000

12 79 9.6 63.2 2.000

1 80 .8 64.0 2.500

3 83 2.4 66.4 3.000

3 86 2.4 68.8 4.000

12 98 9.6 78.4 5.000

1 99 .8 79.2 9.000

13 112 10.4 89.6 10.000

1 113 .8 90.4 13.000

3 116 2.4 92.8 15.000

3 119 2.4 95.2 20.000

2 121 1.6 96.8 30.000

1 122 .8 97.6 35.000

2 124 1.6 99.2 50.000

1 125 .8 100.0 60.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM4F

84 84 72.4 72.4 0.000

1 85 .9 73.3 0.010

1 86 .9 74.1 0.500

11 97 9.5 83.6 1.000

7 104 6.0 89.7 2.000

1 105 .9 90.5 3.000

5 110 4.3 94.8 5.000

2 112 1.7 96.6 10.000

1 113 .9 97.4 20.000

1 114 .9 98.3 33.000

1 115 .9 99.1 50.000

1 116 .9 100.0 85.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM5YN

99 99 73.9 73.9 0.000

35 134 26.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM5HRS

4 4 11.4 11.4 0.000

2 6 5.7 17.1 1.000

4 10 11.4 28.6 2.000

4 14 11.4 40.0 3.000

6 20 17.1 57.1 4.000

1 21 2.9 60.0 6.000

8 29 22.9 82.9 8.000

1 30 2.9 85.7 10.000

1 31 2.9 88.6 12.000

1 32 2.9 91.4 16.000

1 33 2.9 94.3 19.000

1 34 2.9 97.1 20.000

1 35 2.9 100.0 40.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM6

42 42 32.6 32.6 0.000

87 129 67.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM7ASS

130 130 97.0 97.0 0.000

4 134 3.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM7THR

93 93 73.8 73.8 0.000

33 126 26.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM8

78 78 58.2 58.2 0.000

56 134 41.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM9

102 102 80.3 80.3 0.000

25 127 19.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM10

54 54 47.0 47.0 0.000

61 115 53.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM12

69 69 52.3 52.3 0.000

62 131 47.0 99.2 1.000

1 132 .8 100.0 6.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM13

19 19 22.9 22.9 1.000

9 28 10.8 33.7 2.000

10 38 12.0 45.8 3.000

11 49 13.3 59.0 4.000

14 63 16.9 75.9 5.000

6 69 7.2 83.1 6.000

3 72 3.6 86.7 7.000

7 79 8.4 95.2 8.000

2 81 2.4 97.6 9.000

2 83 2.4 100.0 10.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM14

109 109 83.2 83.2 0.000

22 131 16.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM15

57 57 43.8 43.8 0.000

19 76 14.6 58.5 1.000

21 97 16.2 74.6 2.000

6 103 4.6 79.2 3.000

4 107 3.1 82.3 4.000

5 112 3.8 86.2 5.000

1 113 .8 86.9 6.000

1 114 .8 87.7 8.000

5 119 3.8 91.5 10.000

4 123 3.1 94.6 12.000

2 125 1.5 96.2 15.000

1 126 .8 96.9 25.000

1 127 .8 97.7 30.000

1 128 .8 98.5 32.000

1 129 .8 99.2 37.000

1 130 .8 100.0 45.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM16

130 130 97.7 97.7 0.000

3 133 2.3 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM17

53 53 40.2 40.2 0.000

14 67 10.6 50.8 1.000

13 80 9.8 60.6 2.000

13 93 9.8 70.5 3.000

5 98 3.8 74.2 4.000

6 104 4.5 78.8 5.000

4 108 3.0 81.8 6.000

1 109 .8 82.6 8.000

4 113 3.0 85.6 10.000

2 115 1.5 87.1 12.000

1 116 .8 87.9 15.000

1 117 .8 88.6 16.000

2 119 1.5 90.2 20.000

5 124 3.8 93.9 25.000

2 126 1.5 95.5 30.000

1 127 .8 96.2 40.000

3 130 2.3 98.5 50.000

1 131 .8 99.2 55.000

1 132 .8 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM18

113 113 85.0 85.0 0.000

10 123 7.5 92.5 1.000

3 126 2.3 94.7 2.000

1 127 .8 95.5 3.000

2 129 1.5 97.0 5.000

1 130 .8 97.7 8.000

2 132 1.5 99.2 12.000

1 133 .8 100.0 20.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM19

125 125 94.0 94.0 0.000

5 130 3.8 97.7 1.000

1 131 .8 98.5 4.000

1 132 .8 99.2 5.000

1 133 .8 100.0 10.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM20

116 116 86.6 86.6 0.000

18 134 13.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM21A

28 28 20.9 20.9 0.000

106 134 79.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM21B

1 1 1.1 1.1 0.000

1 2 1.1 2.1 0.600

3 5 3.2 5.3 1.000

6 11 6.3 11.6 1.300

2 13 2.1 13.7 1.500

2 15 2.1 15.8 1.600

31 46 32.6 48.4 2.000

1 47 1.1 49.5 2.600

11 58 11.6 61.1 3.000

6 64 6.3 67.4 3.300

14 78 14.7 82.1 4.000

3 81 3.2 85.3 5.000

1 82 1.1 86.3 6.000

9 91 9.5 95.8 8.000

3 94 3.2 98.9 10.000

1 95 1.1 100.0 14.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM22

90 90 67.2 67.2 0.000

22 112 16.4 83.6 1.000

9 121 6.7 90.3 2.000

6 127 4.5 94.8 3.000

3 130 2.2 97.0 4.000

1 131 .7 97.8 5.000

1 132 .7 98.5 6.000

1 133 .7 99.3 7.000

1 134 .7 100.0 40.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM23

93 93 69.9 69.9 0.000

18 111 13.5 83.5 1.000

9 120 6.8 90.2 2.000

5 125 3.8 94.0 3.000

4 129 3.0 97.0 4.000

3 132 2.3 99.2 7.000

1 133 .8 100.0 10.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM24

71 71 54.6 54.6 0.000

6 77 4.6 59.2 1.000

13 90 10.0 69.2 2.000

6 96 4.6 73.8 3.000

9 105 6.9 80.8 4.000

3 108 2.3 83.1 5.000

4 112 3.1 86.2 6.000

1 113 .8 86.9 7.000

1 114 .8 87.7 8.000

1 115 .8 88.5 10.000

1 116 .8 89.2 11.000

2 118 1.5 90.8 12.000

3 121 2.3 93.1 15.000

1 122 .8 93.8 17.500

2 124 1.5 95.4 18.000

1 125 .8 96.2 24.000

2 127 1.5 97.7 25.000

1 128 .8 98.5 30.000

1 129 .8 99.2 32.000

1 130 .8 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM25

54 54 42.5 42.5 0.000

12 66 9.4 52.0 1.000

14 80 11.0 63.0 2.000

11 91 8.7 71.7 3.000

4 95 3.1 74.8 4.000

5 100 3.9 78.7 5.000

3 103 2.4 81.1 6.000

5 108 3.9 85.0 10.000

3 111 2.4 87.4 12.000

1 112 .8 88.2 14.000

3 115 2.4 90.6 15.000

1 116 .8 91.3 20.000

1 117 .8 92.1 23.000

2 119 1.6 93.7 30.000

2 121 1.6 95.3 35.000

1 122 .8 96.1 37.000

1 123 .8 96.9 60.000

1 124 .8 97.6 72.000

1 125 .8 98.4 100.000

1 126 .8 99.2 120.000

1 127 .8 100.0 400.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM26

8 8 6.1 6.1 0.000

124 132 93.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM27

1 1 .8 .8 0.000

132 133 99.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM28

115 115 89.1 89.1 1.000

14 129 10.9 100.0 2.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM29

62 62 54.9 54.9 1.000

28 90 24.8 79.6 2.000

9 99 8.0 87.6 4.000

14 113 12.4 100.0 5.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM30

38 38 33.0 33.0 1.000

76 114 66.1 99.1 3.000

1 115 .9 100.0 4.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM31

98 98 81.7 81.7 0.000

22 120 18.3 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM32

5 5 4.8 4.8 0.000

1 6 1.0 5.7 0.005

1 7 1.0 6.7 0.007

1 8 1.0 7.6 0.010

3 11 2.9 10.5 0.050

1 12 1.0 11.4 0.080

1 13 1.0 12.4 0.100

1 14 1.0 13.3 0.180

1 15 1.0 14.3 0.200

1 16 1.0 15.2 0.250

1 17 1.0 16.2 0.300

2 19 1.9 18.1 0.500

23 42 21.9 40.0 1.000

4 46 3.8 43.8 1.500

15 61 14.3 58.1 2.000

1 62 1.0 59.0 2.500

10 72 9.5 68.6 3.000

15 87 14.3 82.9 5.000

1 88 1.0 83.8 7.000

1 89 1.0 84.8 8.000

9 98 8.6 93.3 10.000

1 99 1.0 94.3 11.000

2 101 1.9 96.2 12.000

2 103 1.9 98.1 15.000

2 105 1.9 100.0 20.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM33

101 101 77.1 77.1 0.000

30 131 22.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM34

2 2 1.5 1.5 3.000

1 3 .8 2.3 5.000

2 5 1.5 3.8 10.000

1 6 .8 4.5 13.000

2 8 1.5 6.1 15.000

1 9 .8 6.8 17.000

3 12 2.3 9.1 20.000

2 14 1.5 10.6 25.000

1 15 .8 11.4 26.000

7 22 5.3 16.7 30.000

1 23 .8 17.4 33.000

3 26 2.3 19.7 35.000

13 39 9.8 29.5 40.000

2 41 1.5 31.1 43.000

4 45 3.0 34.1 45.000

1 46 .8 34.8 48.000

14 60 10.6 45.5 50.000

9 69 6.8 52.3 60.000

6 75 4.5 56.8 65.000

6 81 4.5 61.4 70.000

14 95 10.6 72.0 75.000

1 96 .8 72.7 77.000

12 108 9.1 81.8 80.000

1 109 .8 82.6 82.500

10 119 7.6 90.2 85.000

11 130 8.3 98.5 90.000

1 131 .8 99.2 97.000

1 132 .8 100.0 98.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM35

60 60 56.1 56.1 0.000

47 107 43.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM36

111 111 82.8 82.8 0.000

23 134 17.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM37

80 80 59.3 59.3 0.000

55 135 40.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM38

3 3 2.3 2.3 0.250

1 4 .8 3.0 0.330

9 13 6.8 9.8 0.500

1 14 .8 10.6 0.660

1 15 .8 11.4 0.750

35 50 26.5 37.9 1.000

1 51 .8 38.6 1.250

4 55 3.0 41.7 1.500

1 56 .8 42.4 1.600

1 57 .8 43.2 1.750

22 79 16.7 59.8 2.000

1 80 .8 60.6 2.300

3 83 2.3 62.9 2.500

16 99 12.1 75.0 3.000

1 100 .8 75.8 3.500

14 114 10.6 86.4 4.000

6 120 4.5 90.9 5.000

1 121 .8 91.7 6.000

2 123 1.5 93.2 7.000

4 127 3.0 96.2 8.000

2 129 1.5 97.7 10.000

1 130 .8 98.5 14.000

1 131 .8 99.2 35.000

1 132 .8 100.0 40.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM39

1 1 1.8 1.8 70.000

1 2 1.8 3.6 71.000

2 4 3.6 7.1 75.000

1 5 1.8 8.9 79.000

1 6 1.8 10.7 81.000

1 7 1.8 12.5 83.000

2 9 3.6 16.1 84.000

4 13 7.1 23.2 85.000

1 14 1.8 25.0 86.000

1 15 1.8 26.8 87.000

6 21 10.7 37.5 88.000

5 26 8.9 46.4 89.000

13 39 23.2 69.6 90.000

7 46 12.5 82.1 91.000

8 54 14.3 96.4 92.000

2 56 3.6 100.0 93.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM41

112 112 89.6 89.6 0.000

13 125 10.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM42

91 91 80.5 80.5 0.000

22 113 19.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM43

28 28 24.1 24.1 0.000

88 116 75.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM44

34 34 27.4 27.4 0.000

90 124 72.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM45

54 54 49.5 49.5 0.000

55 109 50.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM46A

33 33 28.9 28.9 0.000

81 114 71.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM46B

30 30 26.5 26.5 0.000

83 113 73.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM47

60 60 60.0 60.0 0.000

40 100 40.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM48

24 24 18.5 18.5 0.000

60 84 46.2 64.6 1.000

36 120 27.7 92.3 2.000

10 130 7.7 100.0 9.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM49

3 3 2.2 2.2 0.000

1 4 .7 3.0 1.000

3 7 2.2 5.2 2.000

2 9 1.5 6.7 3.000

4 13 3.0 9.7 4.000

2 15 1.5 11.2 5.000

2 17 1.5 12.7 6.000

1 18 .7 13.4 10.000

1 19 .7 14.2 11.000

2 21 1.5 15.7 12.000

1 22 .7 16.4 13.000

4 26 3.0 19.4 14.000

3 29 2.2 21.6 15.000

2 31 1.5 23.1 16.000

1 32 .7 23.9 17.000

4 36 3.0 26.9 18.000

2 38 1.5 28.4 19.000

5 43 3.7 32.1 20.000

1 44 .7 32.8 21.000

4 48 3.0 35.8 22.000

1 49 .7 36.6 24.000

1 50 .7 37.3 26.000

1 51 .7 38.1 28.000

1 52 .7 38.8 29.000

1 53 .7 39.6 30.000

4 57 3.0 42.5 31.000

2 59 1.5 44.0 32.000

1 60 .7 44.8 33.000

2 62 1.5 46.3 35.000

2 64 1.5 47.8 37.000

1 65 .7 48.5 38.000

1 66 .7 49.3 39.000

2 68 1.5 50.7 40.000

1 69 .7 51.5 41.000

2 71 1.5 53.0 45.000

1 72 .7 53.7 53.000

1 73 .7 54.5 54.000

1 74 .7 55.2 56.000

1 75 .7 56.0 60.000

1 76 .7 56.7 64.000

1 77 .7 57.5 65.000

1 78 .7 58.2 70.000

1 79 .7 59.0 71.000

2 81 1.5 60.4 73.000

1 82 .7 61.2 74.000

1 83 .7 61.9 78.000

1 84 .7 62.7 79.000

2 86 1.5 64.2 80.000

1 87 .7 64.9 87.000

2 89 1.5 66.4 88.000

1 90 .7 67.2 89.000

1 91 .7 67.9 90.000

1 92 .7 68.7 93.000

1 93 .7 69.4 96.000

2 95 1.5 70.9 110.000

1 96 .7 71.6 114.000

1 97 .7 72.4 115.000

1 98 .7 73.1 119.000

1 99 .7 73.9 120.000

1 100 .7 74.6 121.000

1 101 .7 75.4 133.000

1 102 .7 76.1 140.000

1 103 .7 76.9 141.000

1 104 .7 77.6 144.000

1 105 .7 78.4 147.000

1 106 .7 79.1 150.000

1 107 .7 79.9 156.000

1 108 .7 80.6 163.000

1 109 .7 81.3 185.000

1 110 .7 82.1 189.000

2 112 1.5 83.6 190.000

1 113 .7 84.3 215.000

1 114 .7 85.1 224.000

1 115 .7 85.8 248.000

1 116 .7 86.6 250.000

1 117 .7 87.3 295.000

1 118 .7 88.1 327.000

1 119 .7 88.8 386.000

1 120 .7 89.6 466.000

1 121 .7 90.3 535.000

1 122 .7 91.0 569.000

1 123 .7 91.8 577.000

1 124 .7 92.5 612.000

1 125 .7 93.3 638.000

2 127 1.5 94.8 650.000

1 128 .7 95.5 786.000

1 129 .7 96.3 1406.000

1 130 .7 97.0 1577.000

1 131 .7 97.8 2058.000

1 132 .7 98.5 2215.000

1 133 .7 99.3 2462.000

1 134 .7 100.0 14900.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM50

20 20 16.0 16.0 1.000

60 80 48.0 64.0 2.000

45 125 36.0 100.0 3.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM51

104 104 78.8 78.8 0.000

28 132 21.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM52

78 78 62.4 62.4 0.000

47 125 37.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM53

1 1 .8 .8 3.000

1 2 .8 1.7 8.000

1 3 .8 2.5 11.000

1 4 .8 3.3 12.000

1 5 .8 4.1 14.000

1 6 .8 5.0 27.000

2 8 1.7 6.6 28.000

1 9 .8 7.4 29.000

1 10 .8 8.3 30.000

1 11 .8 9.1 32.000

1 12 .8 9.9 35.000

1 13 .8 10.7 38.000

1 14 .8 11.6 45.000

1 15 .8 12.4 48.000

2 17 1.7 14.0 51.000

1 18 .8 14.9 52.000

1 19 .8 15.7 53.000

1 20 .8 16.5 54.000

1 21 .8 17.4 55.000

3 24 2.5 19.8 56.000

1 25 .8 20.7 57.000

2 27 1.7 22.3 58.000

2 29 1.7 24.0 59.000

1 30 .8 24.8 60.000

3 33 2.5 27.3 62.000

4 37 3.3 30.6 63.000

1 38 .8 31.4 64.000

1 39 .8 32.2 65.000

1 40 .8 33.1 67.000

2 42 1.7 34.7 69.000

1 43 .8 35.5 70.000

1 44 .8 36.4 71.000

2 46 1.7 38.0 72.000

1 47 .8 38.8 73.000

2 49 1.7 40.5 74.000

2 51 1.7 42.1 75.000

5 56 4.1 46.3 76.000

1 57 .8 47.1 77.000

5 62 4.1 51.2 78.000

2 64 1.7 52.9 79.000

3 67 2.5 55.4 80.000

2 69 1.7 57.0 81.000

4 73 3.3 60.3 82.000

3 76 2.5 62.8 83.000

8 84 6.6 69.4 84.000

4 88 3.3 72.7 85.000

4 92 3.3 76.0 86.000

4 96 3.3 79.3 87.000

6 102 5.0 84.3 88.000

3 105 2.5 86.8 89.000

2 107 1.7 88.4 90.000

4 111 3.3 91.7 91.000

5 116 4.1 95.9 92.000

1 117 .8 96.7 93.000

1 118 .8 97.5 1850.000

1 119 .8 98.3 1856.000

1 120 .8 99.2 1868.000

1 121 .8 100.0 1894.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM54

122 122 94.6 94.6 0.000

7 129 5.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM55

21 21 16.5 16.5 0.000

106 127 83.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM56

100 100 79.4 79.4 0.000

26 126 20.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM57

1 1 .8 .8 0.000

1 2 .8 1.6 1.000

8 10 6.3 7.9 2.000

2 12 1.6 9.5 3.000

6 18 4.8 14.3 5.000

14 32 11.1 25.4 10.000

1 33 .8 26.2 12.000

4 37 3.2 29.4 15.000

1 38 .8 30.2 18.000

9 47 7.1 37.3 20.000

7 54 5.6 42.9 25.000

6 60 4.8 47.6 30.000

2 62 1.6 49.2 35.000

7 69 5.6 54.8 40.000

1 70 .8 55.6 45.000

13 83 10.3 65.9 50.000

9 92 7.1 73.0 60.000

1 93 .8 73.8 63.000

1 94 .8 74.6 65.000

1 95 .8 75.4 68.000

4 99 3.2 78.6 70.000

7 106 5.6 84.1 75.000

7 113 5.6 89.7 80.000

1 114 .8 90.5 81.000

5 119 4.0 94.4 85.000

4 123 3.2 97.6 90.000

1 124 .8 98.4 95.000

1 125 .8 99.2 99.000

1 126 .8 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM58

70 70 57.4 57.4 0.000

52 122 42.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT TRANSFER

93 93 69.4 69.4 0.000

41 134 30.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT USEOFINF

109 109 81.3 81.3 0.000

25 134 18.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT SEGREGAT

82 82 61.2 61.2 0.000

52 134 38.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ISOLLEAD

95 95 70.9 70.9 0.000

39 134 29.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT LOCKDOWN

98 98 73.1 73.1 0.000

36 134 26.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT PROSECUT

110 110 82.1 82.1 0.000

24 134 17.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT INTERCOM

110 110 82.1 82.1 0.000

24 134 17.9 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT CASEBYCA

89 89 66.4 66.4 0.000

45 134 33.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT IGNORING

129 129 96.3 96.3 0.000

5 134 3.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT INFILTRA

131 131 97.8 97.8 0.000

3 134 2.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT DISPLACI

116 116 86.6 86.6 0.000

18 134 13.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT COOPTING

131 131 97.8 97.8 0.000

3 134 2.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT MEETINGW

129 129 96.3 96.3 0.000

5 134 3.7 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT JOINTMEE

132 132 98.5 98.5 0.000

2 134 1.5 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT BALANCE

115 115 85.8 85.8 0.000

19 134 14.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT I59OTHER

130 130 97.0 97.0 0.000

4 134 3.0 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM60

50 50 46.7 46.7 0.000

7 57 6.5 53.3 1.000

14 71 13.1 66.4 2.000

9 80 8.4 74.8 3.000

5 85 4.7 79.4 4.000

2 87 1.9 81.3 5.000

3 90 2.8 84.1 6.000

2 92 1.9 86.0 7.000

5 97 4.7 90.7 12.000

3 100 2.8 93.5 15.000

2 102 1.9 95.3 20.000

1 103 .9 96.3 21.000

1 104 .9 97.2 27.000

1 105 .9 98.1 30.000

1 106 .9 99.1 73.000

1 107 .9 100.0 75.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM61

30 30 31.3 31.3 0.000

9 39 9.4 40.6 1.000

11 50 11.5 52.1 2.000

4 54 4.2 56.3 3.000

6 60 6.3 62.5 4.000

6 66 6.3 68.8 5.000

4 70 4.2 72.9 6.000

1 71 1.0 74.0 7.000

2 73 2.1 76.0 8.000

7 80 7.3 83.3 10.000

3 83 3.1 86.5 12.000

3 86 3.1 89.6 15.000

1 87 1.0 90.6 17.000

1 88 1.0 91.7 18.000

3 91 3.1 94.8 20.000

1 92 1.0 95.8 27.000

3 95 3.1 99.0 45.000

1 96 1.0 100.0 157.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITM62

66 66 55.9 55.9 1.000

52 118 44.1 100.0 2.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM63

1 1 .8 .8 0.000

1 2 .8 1.5 1.000

1 3 .8 2.3 2.000

2 5 1.5 3.8 5.000

5 10 3.8 7.6 10.000

3 13 2.3 9.9 15.000

5 18 3.8 13.7 20.000

1 19 .8 14.5 23.000

5 24 3.8 18.3 25.000

1 25 .8 19.1 26.000

4 29 3.1 22.1 30.000

7 36 5.3 27.5 35.000

5 41 3.8 31.3 40.000

1 42 .8 32.1 43.000

1 43 .8 32.8 45.000

13 56 9.9 42.7 50.000

19 75 14.5 57.3 60.000

2 77 1.5 58.8 65.000

7 84 5.3 64.1 70.000

20 104 15.3 79.4 75.000

8 112 6.1 85.5 80.000

7 119 5.3 90.8 85.000

7 126 5.3 96.2 90.000

1 127 .8 96.9 92.000

2 129 1.5 98.5 95.000

1 130 .8 99.2 99.000

1 131 .8 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM65

103 103 88.8 88.8 0.000

13 116 11.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM66M

4 4 3.0 3.0 0.000

3 7 2.3 5.3 2.000

3 10 2.3 7.6 3.000

6 16 4.5 12.1 4.000

1 17 .8 12.9 5.000

2 19 1.5 14.4 6.000

1 20 .8 15.2 9.000

1 21 .8 15.9 10.000

2 23 1.5 17.4 11.000

4 27 3.0 20.5 12.000

3 30 2.3 22.7 13.000

4 34 3.0 25.8 15.000

1 35 .8 26.5 16.000

3 38 2.3 28.8 17.000

3 41 2.3 31.1 18.000

3 44 2.3 33.3 19.000

2 46 1.5 34.8 20.000

1 47 .8 35.6 21.000

3 50 2.3 37.9 22.000

1 51 .8 38.6 25.000

1 52 .8 39.4 26.000

2 54 1.5 40.9 28.000

2 56 1.5 42.4 29.000

1 57 .8 43.2 30.000

3 60 2.3 45.5 31.000

2 62 1.5 47.0 34.000

1 63 .8 47.7 35.000

1 64 .8 48.5 36.000

3 67 2.3 50.8 37.000

1 68 .8 51.5 40.000

2 70 1.5 53.0 41.000

2 72 1.5 54.5 52.000

1 73 .8 55.3 54.000

1 74 .8 56.1 56.000

1 75 .8 56.8 59.000

1 76 .8 57.6 62.000

1 77 .8 58.3 63.000

1 78 .8 59.1 64.000

1 79 .8 59.8 65.000

1 80 .8 60.6 66.000

1 81 .8 61.4 68.000

2 83 1.5 62.9 70.000

1 84 .8 63.6 72.000

1 85 .8 64.4 73.000

1 86 .8 65.2 74.000

1 87 .8 65.9 78.000

1 88 .8 66.7 80.000

1 89 .8 67.4 84.000

1 90 .8 68.2 88.000

1 91 .8 68.9 89.000

1 92 .8 69.7 91.000

1 93 .8 70.5 100.000

4 97 3.0 73.5 110.000

2 99 1.5 75.0 114.000

1 100 .8 75.8 121.000

2 102 1.5 77.3 130.000

1 103 .8 78.0 135.000

1 104 .8 78.8 136.000

1 105 .8 79.5 139.000

1 106 .8 80.3 149.000

1 107 .8 81.1 156.000

1 108 .8 81.8 170.000

1 109 .8 82.6 175.000

1 110 .8 83.3 190.000

1 111 .8 84.1 195.000

1 112 .8 84.8 224.000

1 113 .8 85.6 226.000

1 114 .8 86.4 270.000

1 115 .8 87.1 290.000

1 116 .8 87.9 336.000

1 117 .8 88.6 347.000

1 118 .8 89.4 466.000

1 119 .8 90.2 483.000

1 120 .8 90.9 521.000

1 121 .8 91.7 535.000

1 122 .8 92.4 545.000

1 123 .8 93.2 590.000

1 124 .8 93.9 602.000

1 125 .8 94.7 642.000

1 126 .8 95.5 707.000

1 127 .8 96.2 1245.000

1 128 .8 97.0 1378.000

1 129 .8 97.7 2058.000

1 130 .8 98.5 2085.000

1 131 .8 99.2 2140.000

1 132 .8 100.0 12000.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM66F

30 30 24.8 24.8 0.000

17 47 14.0 38.8 1.000

13 60 10.7 49.6 2.000

5 65 4.1 53.7 3.000

4 69 3.3 57.0 4.000

8 77 6.6 63.6 5.000

3 80 2.5 66.1 6.000

2 82 1.7 67.8 7.000

2 84 1.7 69.4 8.000

2 86 1.7 71.1 9.000

9 95 7.4 78.5 10.000

2 97 1.7 80.2 11.000

1 98 .8 81.0 12.000

1 99 .8 81.8 14.000

1 100 .8 82.6 15.000

1 101 .8 83.5 17.000

2 103 1.7 85.1 19.000

1 104 .8 86.0 20.000

1 105 .8 86.8 22.000

2 107 1.7 88.4 25.000

1 108 .8 89.3 36.000

1 109 .8 90.1 37.000

1 110 .8 90.9 42.000

1 111 .8 91.7 50.000

1 112 .8 92.6 56.000

1 113 .8 93.4 60.000

1 114 .8 94.2 79.000

1 115 .8 95.0 105.000

1 116 .8 95.9 129.000

1 117 .8 96.7 157.000

1 118 .8 97.5 161.000

1 119 .8 98.3 179.000

1 120 .8 99.2 211.000

1 121 .8 100.0 2000.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM67

123 123 93.9 93.9 0.000

8 131 6.1 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM68

69 69 54.8 54.8 0.000

57 126 45.2 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM69

68 68 68.7 68.7 0.000

3 71 3.0 71.7 1.000

1 72 1.0 72.7 1.500

3 75 3.0 75.8 2.000

7 82 7.1 82.8 5.000

2 84 2.0 84.8 10.000

1 85 1.0 85.9 20.000

3 88 3.0 88.9 25.000

2 90 2.0 90.9 30.000

5 95 5.1 96.0 50.000

1 96 1.0 97.0 60.000

1 97 1.0 98.0 70.000

1 98 1.0 99.0 80.000

1 99 1.0 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM70

65 65 51.6 51.6 0.000

61 126 48.4 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM71

8 8 6.5 6.5 0.000

1 9 .8 7.3 1.000

3 12 2.4 9.7 2.000

1 13 .8 10.5 3.000

1 14 .8 11.3 4.000

3 17 2.4 13.7 5.000

11 28 8.9 22.6 10.000

1 29 .8 23.4 15.000

5 34 4.0 27.4 20.000

4 38 3.2 30.6 25.000

9 47 7.3 37.9 30.000

1 48 .8 38.7 35.000

5 53 4.0 42.7 40.000

1 54 .8 43.5 43.000

14 68 11.3 54.8 50.000

4 72 3.2 58.1 60.000

1 73 .8 58.9 65.000

6 79 4.8 63.7 70.000

5 84 4.0 67.7 75.000

11 95 8.9 76.6 80.000

5 100 4.0 80.6 85.000

7 107 5.6 86.3 90.000

5 112 4.0 90.3 95.000

1 113 .8 91.1 97.000

1 114 .8 91.9 98.000

1 115 .8 92.7 99.000

9 124 7.3 100.0 100.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM72

95 95 74.2 74.2 0.000

33 128 25.8 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM73

66 66 50.4 50.4 0.000

65 131 49.6 100.0 1.000

CUM CUM

COUNT COUNT PCT PCT ITEM74

1 1 .8 .8 2747.000

1 2 .8 1.5 3103.000

1 3 .8 2.3 3785.000

1 4 .8 3.1 3820.000

1 5 .8 3.8 4101.000

1 6 .8 4.6 4730.000

1 7 .8 5.3 7823.000

1 8 .8 6.1 8079.000

1 9 .8 6.9 11370.000

1 10 .8 7.6 11901.000

1 11 .8 8.4 12180.000

1 12 .8 9.2 20772.000

1 13 .8 9.9 25570.000

1 14 .8 10.7 26101.000

1 15 .8 11.5 26155.000

1 16 .8 12.2 26201.000

1 17 .8 13.0 27249.000

1 18 .8 13.7 27889.000

1 19 .8 14.5 28052.000

1 20 .8 15.3 28401.000

1 21 .8 16.0 28697.000

1 22 .8 16.8 28713.000

1 23 .8 17.6 29301.000

1 24 .8 18.3 29721.000

1 25 .8 19.1 29745.000

1 26 .8 19.8 29810.000

1 27 .8 20.6 30201.000

1 28 .8 21.4 30655.000

1 29 .8 22.1 31088.000

1 30 .8 22.9 32340.000

1 31 .8 23.7 33406.000

1 32 .8 24.4 34622.000

1 33 .8 25.2 36867.000

1 34 .8 26.0 37307.000

1 35 .8 26.7 37743.000

1 36 .8 27.5 37887.000

1 37 .8 28.2 38663.000

1 38 .8 29.0 40004.000

1 39 .8 29.8 40202.000

1 40 .8 30.5 40769.000

1 41 .8 31.3 41501.000

1 42 .8 32.1 42629.000

1 43 .8 32.8 44432.000

1 44 .8 33.6 47112.000

1 45 .8 34.4 47951.000

1 46 .8 35.1 49304.000

1 47 .8 35.9 49738.000

1 48 .8 36.6 50125.000

1 49 .8 37.4 50548.000

1 50 .8 38.2 51012.000

1 51 .8 38.9 52639.000

1 52 .8 39.7 53533.000

1 53 .8 40.5 53709.000

1 54 .8 41.2 53813.000

1 55 .8 42.0 53821.000

1 56 .8 42.7 54220.000

1 57 .8 43.5 54235.000

1 58 .8 44.3 54452.000

1 59 .8 45.0 54534.000

1 60 .8 45.8 54610.000

1 61 .8 46.6 54729.000

1 62 .8 47.3 54736.000

1 63 .8 48.1 54751.000

1 64 .8 48.9 54773.000

1 65 .8 49.6 54806.000

1 66 .8 50.4 54812.000

1 67 .8 51.1 54982.000

1 68 .8 51.9 55447.000

1 69 .8 52.7 56082.000

1 70 .8 53.4 56143.000

1 71 .8 54.2 56302.000

1 72 .8 55.0 58401.000

1 73 .8 55.7 58436.000

1 74 .8 56.5 58577.000

1 75 .8 57.3 59036.000

1 76 .8 58.0 59442.000

1 77 .8 58.8 59873.000

1 78 .8 59.5 60178.000

1 79 .8 60.3 60560.000

1 80 .8 61.1 61231.000

1 81 .8 61.8 61462.000

1 82 .8 62.6 61727.000

1 83 .8 63.4 62960.000

1 84 .8 64.1 64068.000

1 85 .8 64.9 64701.000

1 86 .8 65.6 65355.000

1 87 .8 66.4 65655.000

1 88 .8 67.2 67042.000

1 89 .8 67.9 67701.000

1 90 .8 68.7 67735.000

1 91 .8 69.5 67871.000

1 92 .8 70.2 67950.000

1 93 .8 71.0 68465.000

1 94 .8 71.8 70502.000

1 95 .8 72.5 72150.000

1 96 .8 73.3 75090.000

1 97 .8 74.0 75110.000

1 98 .8 74.8 75652.000

1 99 .8 75.6 75702.000

1 100 .8 76.3 75845.000

1 101 .8 77.1 76102.000

1 102 .8 77.9 76450.000

1 103 .8 78.6 76665.000

1 104 .8 79.4 76859.000

1 105 .8 80.2 77002.000

1 106 .8 80.9 77340.000

1 107 .8 81.7 77833.000

1 108 .8 82.4 78580.000

1 109 .8 83.2 79602.000

1 110 .8 84.0 79848.000

1 111 .8 84.7 80112.000

1 112 .8 85.5 80807.000

1 113 .8 86.3 81212.000

1 114 .8 87.0 82240.000

1 115 .8 87.8 82601.000

1 116 .8 88.5 82935.000

1 117 .8 89.3 84321.000

1 118 .8 90.1 87801.000

1 119 .8 90.8 89101.000

1 120 .8 91.6 89301.000

1 121 .8 92.4 92202.000

1 122 .8 93.1 93232.000

1 123 .8 93.9 94102.000

1 124 .8 94.7 95110.000

1 125 .8 95.4 95667.000

1 126 .8 96.2 95959.000

1 127 .8 96.9 97124.000

1 128 .8 97.7 97204.000

1 129 .8 98.5 97365.000

1 130 .8 99.2 97526.000

1 131 .8 100.0 98225.000